Figure 1.

Lung and gut epithelia, macrophages, and vascular endothelia are infected by SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19. Soluble (s) ACE2, inflammatory cytokines, cytokines receptors, chemokinesand other factors are released by virus binding and cell infection. Vascular pathology in COVID-19 includes vasculitis, associated with endothelial cell death, increased vascular permeability, recruitment of inflammatory lymphocytic cells, fibrin deposition and reduction of lumen size; vascular thrombosis; and vascular embolization.