| electron–proton pairing |
weak
force gauge Boson |
10–18 (as) |
EHz |
|
| electronic transition |
UV/vis absorption |
10–16–10–15 (as—hundreds of as) |
EHz–PHz |
>4000 |
| bond vibration |
IR absorption |
10–15–10–14 (fs—tens of fs) |
PHz–high THz |
4000–100 |
| protein
vibrational dynamics |
10–13–10–12 (hundreds of fs–ps) |
low THz—sub-THz |
50–15 |
| protein breathing modes |
10–12–10–11 (ps—tens of ps) |
sub-THz |
15–1 |
| internal conversion microwave absorption |
bond rotations/translations |
10–14–10–10 (tens of fs—hundreds of ps) |
high THz–GHz |
1000–100 |
| domain motion |
protein conformational
dynamics |
10–9–10–6 (ns−μs) |
GHz–MHz |
0.03–0.03 × 10–3
|
| ligand/substrate binding |
induced fit |
10–8–10–3 (hundreds of μs–ms) |
GHz–KHz |
0.03–0.03 × 10–6
|
