Table 1.
List of PTEN alteration, observable effects, and experimental models.
| Type of Cancer | PTEN Alteration | Observable Effects | Models | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thyroid | PTEN loss | Down-regulation of Krebs cycle and OXPHOS gene expression, defective mitochondria, reduced respiration and compensatory glycolysis. | PTEN-deficient mouse model | [18] |
| Liver | PTEN Knockdown | Increased oxidative stress levels, increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), elevated genomic damage | PTEN deficient mice maintained with a high fat diet | [19] |
| Glioblastoma | Ectopic expression of WT PTEN and mutants | Effects on autophagic flux and lysosomal mass. | U87MG human glioma cells | [20] |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | PTEN loss | Suppression of autophagy at the formation and maturation steps of autophagosomes | Hepatocyte-specific PTEN-deficient mice | [21] |
| Breast cancer | Up-regulation of PTEN | Induction of autophagy and reduction of breast cancer cell growth | Hormone dependent breast cancer cells | [15] |
| Melanoma | PTEN loss | Induction of immunosuppressive cytokines, reduction of T-cells infiltration in tumor tissue, inhibition of autophagy and T cell–mediated cell death | PTEN- deficient melanoma mouse models | [22] |
| Melanoma | Cre-inactivated allele of PTEN | Repression of a protective immune response in the tumor microenvironment, increase in tumor growth and metastasis | BRAF V600E/PTEN loss murine melanoma models | [23] |
| Prostate | PTEN Knockdown | Induction of tumor microenvironment remodeling, associated with immunosuppressive infrastructure | PTEN conditional knockout mice | [24] |
| Glioblastoma | PTEN Knockdown or PTEN mutation | Infiltration of macrophage that secrete factors promoting glioma cell survival and angiogenesis. | PTEN null glioma mouse models | [25] |
| Liver | PTEN Knockdown | Spontaneous development and progression of liver tumors from progenitor cells. Induction of hepatic microenvironment remodeling. | PTEN-null liver mouse models | [9] |
| Lung | PTEN silencing targeting human PTEN | Reduction of IFN—induced inflammatory response, cell growth inhibition, and cytotoxicity | A549 and PC14PE6/AS2 human lung adenocarcinoma cells | [26] |