. 2020 Jul 19;10(7):1406. doi: 10.3390/nano10071406

Table 1.

AuNP-based glycan nanobiosensors and their characteristics.

Carbohydrate	Immobilization	Interface	Transducer	Analyte	LOD	Ref.
SA residues	thiol–Au–S bond	AuNPs	optical (96-well plate)	influenza viral strains	8 HA titer	[69]
lactose glycoconjugate	thiol 4-mercaptobenzoic acid		surface- enhanced Raman scattering	galectin 9	1.2 × 10⁻⁹ M	[78]
fetuin with SA	fetuin micelle		carbon SPE	influenza strain H9 N2	8 HAU titer	[80]
α-D-mannose and β-D-galactose dendrons	thiol	spherical AuNPs	optical (96-well plate)	E. coli strains ORN 178	200 μg·mL⁻¹	[82]
α-D-mannose and β-D-galactose dendrons	thiol	rod-shaped AuNPs			20 μg·mL⁻¹	[82]
galactose and mannose	click chemistry (PEG)	spherical AuNPs			17 ± 2 μg·mL⁻¹	[83]
		rod-shaped AuNPs			14 ± 2 μg·mL⁻¹
		star-like AuNPs			0.03 ± 0.01 μg·mL⁻¹
mannose	UV-irradiation	InGaZnO gate	FET	Con A	10⁻¹⁰ M	[92]
galactosamine and mannosamine	terminal thiol from RAFT agent	AuNPs	optical (96-well plate)	carbohydrate-binding proteins	down to nM	[85]
ovalbumin with mannose, glucose and Galβ(1→4)GlcNAc	cysteines residues		MALDI	Con A	3.9 nM	[86]
				BanLec	7.8 nM
				ricin B	31.3 nM
maltose	NaOH, 50 °C		optical (96-well plate)	Con A	23 pM	[87]
battery of saccharides	terminal thiol from RAFT agent		optical (96-well plate)	battery of lectin and Ca²⁺	μg·mL⁻¹	[88,89]
4-aminophenyl α-D-mannopyranoside and 4-aminophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside	click chemistry (PEG)	Au nanorods	optical (near-infrared absorption and scattering in surface plasmon resonance)	E. coli	down to μM	[91]
mannose	thiols	Ag-coated Au nanorods	optical (SPR)	Con A	down to nM	[77]
mannose	thiols	Ag-coated Au nanorods	optical (SPR)	Con A	2 nM	[94]