. 2020 Jul 19;10(7):1406. doi: 10.3390/nano10071406

Table 5.

Nanoscale-based platforms for construction of nanobiosensors and their characteristics.

Carbohydrate	Immobilization	Interface	Transducer	Analyte	LOD	Ref.
lactose, galactose and mannose	amide-coupling reaction	hydrogels	optical (2D photonic crystals)	ricin	75 nM	[125]
				jacalin	230 nM
				Con A	38 nM
pyrenyl glycoside	click chemistry (PEG)	MoS₂	electrochemical (graphene SPE–DPV)		373 nM	[126]
pyrenyl glycoside		MoS₂	electrochemical (graphene SPE–DPV)	human hepatoma cancer cells	840 cells·mL⁻¹	[126]
α-2,6-sialyllactose		MoS₂ nanosheets	optical	influenza strain H1N1	0.8 HAU·mL⁻¹	[127]
α-2,6-sialyllactose				influenza strain H7N9	1.4 HAU·mL⁻¹
α-2,3-sialyllactose				influenza strain H7N9	1.4 HAU·mL⁻¹
α-2,3-sialyllactose				influenza strain H10N8	0.4 HAU·mL⁻¹