Figure 2.

Oncogenic signaling and tumor suppressor activity in CRC cell metabolism. The metabolic pathways, centered around the TCA cycle, are indicated by continuous lines and include catabolic (glycolysis, OXPHOS), anabolic (lipid synthesis) and anaplerotic (glutaminolysis) reactions. Tumor suppressors (e.g., p53), oncogenes (e.g., RAS, MYC) and transcription factors (e.g., HIF1) regulate metabolic reprogramming by controlling the expression and activity of metabolic enzymes (e.g., HK, PDK, GLS) and transporters (e.g., GLUT1, SN2). Modulators of the TCA cycle (denoted in red), which are currently tested as chemotherapeutics in clinical trials, target different enzymes of the tumor cell metabolism (see chapter 3 for further details).