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. 2020 Jul 5;12(7):1802. doi: 10.3390/cancers12071802

Table 1.

Promising mycobacteria and mycobacteria components studied in vivo and in clinical trials to treat several types of cancer.

Type of Cancer Species Mycobacteria or Mycobacteria Components In Vivo Experiments Outcome Clinical Trials Outcome
Breast Cancer M. bovis BCG BCG /MUC1/ IL-2 Inhibit tumor growth [133]
BCG /MUC1/GM-CSF Inhibit tumor growth [134]
BCG /MUC1/CD80 Elicit tumor-specific immune response [135]
BCG + Allogenic tumor cells Increase Survival [136]
Tumor cells + BCG + Formalin Safe and no toxic [137] Safe, Increase Survival [137]
HSP65 Immunogenicity, induce humoral response [139,140]
HSP65 + MUC1 Safe [141]
M. phlei CW + Photodynamic Trigger immune response [143]
M. indicus pranii (MIP) MIP + Survivin + Alum Immunogenicity and tumor growth inhibition [144]
MIP + 1’-S-1’-acetoxychavicol acetate + Cisplatin Control cancer progression [145]
M. smegmatis M. smegmatis + Monosodium urate crystals Trigger immune response, delay the tumor [86]
Cervical Cancer M. tuberculosis HSP70 + E7 Specific CD8+ T Cell Responses and Antitumor Effect [150]
M. bovis BCG HSP65 + E7 Reduce carcinoma [151]; regression of palpable tumors, increase long-term survival [152] Tumor regression [154,155]
M. indicus pranii (MIP) HK-MIP + HPV16T epitope Cytotoxic T lymphocytes cytolysis [153]
Colorectal Cancer M. tuberculosis Rv2299c (HSP90 family) + Tumor Antigen-activated DC No generation of immune-suppressive cells, induce Th1 immune response [121]
M. paragordonae HK- M. paragordonae + cisplatin Induce antitumor immune response [122]
Esophageal cancer M. smegmatis M. smegmatis MAGEA3/ SSX2 Reduce tumor volume [111]
Fibrosarcoma M. tuberculosis Z-100 + Radiation Inhibit tumor growth [92]
M. bovis BCG HSP65 + PSA Protect to PSA-expressing tumors [54]
Gastric Cancer M. bovis BCG BCG + 5-Fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and mitomycin Improve survival [112]
Hepatoma M. tuberculosis HSP70 + Human umbilical vein endothelial cell Inhibit tumor growth, prolong survival [124]
M. bovis BCG GnRH(3)-hinge-MVP-Hsp65 Decrease tumor weight [125]
BCG + Proton-beam radiotherapy Safe [132]
HSP65-X10-beta-hCGCTP37 Inhibit tumor growth [126]
BCG 64-kDa surface protein Inhibit tumor growth [127]
CWS of BCG (SMP-105) Tumor-eliminating effect [129,130]
DNA + Poly-L-lisine Delay of tumor growth [131]
Leukemia M. tuberculosis HSP70 Prolong survival [157]
M. bovis BCG CWS + WT1 Specific immune responses [95]
Lung Cancer M. tuberculosis Z-100 + Radiation Inhibit tumor growth [92]
M. bovis BCG BCG + maltose-binding protein from E. coli Induce Th1 response [99]
CWS Reducce metastasis [75]
CWS + WT1 Reject of WT1-expressing lung cancer cells [95]
SMP-105 + mitomycin C-inactivated tumor cells Supress tumor growth [94]
M. vaccae SRL172 Improve quality of life [107]
SRL172 + chemotherapy Improve quality of life and survival [108,109]
M. indicus pranii (MIP) MIP + Cisplatin + Radiotherapy Improve quality of life, regress tumor size [101]
Lymphoma M. tuberculosis HSP70 + Idiotype Prolong survival [159]
HSP70 + A20 tumor cells Regress tumor size [160]
M. bovis BCG HSP65 + MUC1 Specific CTL and anti-tumor responses [56]
CWS in nanoparticles Inhibit tumor growth, induce cytotoxic T cells [162]
Lipomannan Inhibits tumor growth, eosinophils infiltration [161]
Melanoma M. bovis Liposomes with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides Increase natural killer and CD8(+) T cells, reduce regulatory CD4(+) T cell recruitment [58]
M. tuberculosis B16F10/ESAT-6-GPI-IL-21 Inhibit tumor growth, prolong survival [62]
B16F10-ESAT-6-gpi/IL-21 Inhibit tumor growth [63]
ESAT-6 + IL-2 Tumor regression [64]
HSP70 + B16 cells lysate Inhibit tumor growth, prolong survival [51]
HSP70 + Thymidine kinase genes (HSV) + attenuated S. typhimurium Suppress tumor growth and extend survival [52]
M. bovis BCG BCG + MUC1 + MBP Inhibit tumor growth, induce Th1 response [74]
CpG oligodeoxynucleotide + HSP65 + MUC1 Inhibit tumor growth, prolong survival [57]
CWS Inhibited tumor metastasis [75]
M. vaccae SRL172 Increase survival [80]
M. obuense IMM-101 Reduce metastatic lesions [81], safe [82]
M. indicus pranii (MIP) MIP Reduce tumor growth and weight [77,84], block tumor growth and inhibit metastasis [85]
M. smegmatis M. smegmatis + Monosodium urate crystals Delay subcutaneous melanomas [86]
Mesothelioma M. tuberculosis HSP70 + single-chain antibody Increase survival, slow tumor growth, augment tumor-specific CD8+ T-cells [148]
M. vaccae SRL 172 + Chemotherapy Safe [163]
Myeloma M. indicus pranii (MIP) MIP Reduce tumor growth [158]
Oral melanoma M. bovis BCG L-MTP-PE Prolong survival [72]
Osteosarcoma M. bovis BCG L-MTP-PE Decrease risk of recurrence and death [71]
L-MTP-PE + Zoledronic acid Inhibit primary osteosarcoma progression [164]
Ovarian cancer M. tuberculosis HSP70 + single-chain antibody Increase survival, slow tumor growth, augment tumor-specific CD8+ T-cells [148]
M. bovis BCG CWS High quality of life [146]
Pancreatic cancer M. bovis BCG HSP65 + Tumor tissue lysate of pancreatic cancer Prolong survival [114]
M. obuense IMM-101 + Gemcitabine Improve overall survival [115]
Sarcoma M. tuberculosis Z-100 + C. parvum Prolong concomitant antitumor immunity [165]
M. bovis BCG PS1 glycan Suppress tumor cell growth [166]
M. vaccae PS4A proteoglycan Decreased tumor incidence [167]
Thymoma M. indicus pranii (MIP) MIP Reduce tumor growth [158]

Ag85—antigen 85 complex, BCG—Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin, CpG—cytosine-guanosine nucleotide, CW—cell wall, CWS—cell wall skeleton, DC—dendritic cell, GPI—glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol, HK—heat-killed, HSP—heat-shock proteins, HSV—herpes simplex virus, HPV—human papillomavirus, IL-—Interleucin, IMM-101—heat-killed Mycolicibacterium obuense, L-MTP-PE—liposomal muramyl tripeptide phosphatidyl ethanolamine, MIP—Mycobacterium indicus pranii, MUC1—tumor-associated antigen Mucin 1, PSA—prostate-specific antigen, SRL 172—M. vaccae commercial preparation, Rv2299c—Mycobacterium tuberculosis HSP90 family member, SMP-105—CWS-BCG Tokyo 172, WT1—Wilms’ tumor protein, Z-100—an arabinomannan from M. tuberculosis strain Aoyama B.