Table 1.

Lipid-based nano-DSSs for CRC therapy.

Cargo	Formulation	Target	Category	Route	Stage	Ref.
5-fluorouracil	Chitosan-coated liposomes	HT29 cells	LCLs	N/A	Characterization	[65]
Doxorubicin	Urotensin-II-conjugated liposomes	WiDr or LoVo cells	Active targeting	N/A	Characterization	[67]
5-fluorouracil	FA-coated liposomes	HT29, CT26, and Caco2 cells	Active targeting	Subcutaneous injection	Preclinical	[34,69,142]
5-fluorouracil	SMA-liposomes	HT29 cells	pH-sensitive	N/A	Characterization	[76,77]
Doxorubicin	ThermoDox®	CRC metastatic liver cancer	Thermo-sensitive	IV infusion	Clinical trial	[80]
Paclitaxel	Cationic liposomes (EndoTAG-1)	Advanced CRC, liver metastasis	Cationic liposomes	IV injection	Clinical trial	[89]
Endostatin gene	Cationic liposomes	CT26 and HCT116 cells	Cationic liposomes	Intraperitoneal injection	Preclinical	[92]
PLK1 siRNA	SNALPs	PLK1 overexpressed CRC	LCL (PEG-modified) cationic liposomes	IV injection	Preclinical	[98]
Retinoids	DPPC or DPPC/DPPE-PEG	HT29 and Colon205 cells	Prodrug	N/A	Characterization	[100]
Moeixitecan	DPPC/HSPC/DSPE-PEG	HT29 cells	Prodrug	Subcutaneous injection	Preclinical	[99]
mRIP3-pDNA	HA-PLGA	CT26 cells	Core-shell, active targeting	IV injection	Preclinical	[106]
siRNA siMcl1/siBcl-xl	DOTAP/PEG-PCL	C26 CRC cells	Cationic micelle, gene therapy	Intratumorally injection	Preclinical	[91]
Curcumin	FA-conjugated mPEG-PCL	CT26 cells	Self-Assembly Micelles	IV injection	Preclinical	[109]
Docetaxel	Cationic SLNs	Distal ileum, CT26 cells	SLNs	Oral	Preclinical	[115]
Doxorubicin	HDL mimics	CT26, MC38 cells	Nanodisc	IV injection	Preclinical	[120]
Cisplatin, metformin	Pluronic-F127, glyceryl monooleate, polyvinyl alcohol	HCT116 cells	Nano-cubosome	N/A	Characterization	[125]
Doxorubicin	FA-coated Ginger LNPs	Colon26 cells	PDLNP, Active targeting	IV injection	Preclinical	[129]
6-shogaol	Ginger LNPs	Colon	PDLNP	Oral	Preclinical	[133,134]
5-fluorouracil, miR-21i	Engineered exosome	5-fluorouracil resistant HCT116 cells	Exosome, Multiple-targeting	IV injection	Preclinical	[137]
5-fluorouracil	HA-modified liposomes	HT29 cells	Active targeting (CD44)	N/A	Characterization	[75]
5-fluorouracil	PEGylated liposomes	CRC metastatic liver cancer	LCLs	Hepatic arterial infusion	Preclinical	[165]
Fluorescent dye	Mixture of vesicular and micellar molecules	HCT116, metastatic liver cancer	Hybrid liposomes	IV injection	Characterization	[166]
Paclitaxel	HA, cell-penetrating peptide	CRC metastatic liver cancer	pH-sensitive, cell-penetrating	IV injection	Preclinical	[167]
Survivin siRNA	Lipoplex	LoVo cells	Cationic LCLs, Gene therapy	Intraperitoneal injection	Preclinical	[50]
Mucin-1 peptide (BP-25)	Cationic liposome	T-cell	Immune therapy, Cationic liposomes	Subcutaneous	Preclinical	[176]
Docetaxel	Cationic SLN	Apical sodium bile acid transporter, T-cell	Immune therapy, SLN	Lymphatic transport	Preclinical	[115]
Folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, anti-PD-L1 antibody	PEGylated lipid nanoparticle	CT26-FL3, metastatic liver cancer	Multiple-targeting, Immune therapy	IV injection	Preclinical	[180]
Irinotecan, miR-200	Peptide-modified liposome, SLN	HCT116, CT26 cells	Multiple-targeting (pH-sensitive, cell-penetrating, mitochondria-targeting)	IV injection	Preclinical	[70]
Oxaliplatin, anti-TRAIL	Immunohybrid liposomes	HT29 cells	Multiple-targeting	IV injection	Preclinical	[199]
Aspirin	CRC cell derived exosomes	HT29, CRC stem cells	Active targeting	IV injection	Preclinical	[202]
miR-128-3p	Exosomes	Oxaliplatin-resistant HCT116OxR cells	Gene therapy	Intratumorally injection	Preclinical	[203]
p21-saRNA-322	HA-lipid shell nanoparticles	HT29	Gene therapy, core-shell	Rectal delivery	Preclinical	[205]

N/A means “not available”.