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. 2020 Jul 9;9(7):1653. doi: 10.3390/cells9071653

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of nonviable L. rhamnosus CRL1505 and its peptidoglycan on the alveolar macrophage numbers. Infant mice were nasally primed with nonviable L. rhamnosus CRL1505 or CRL489 (NV1505 or NV489) or their peptidoglycans (PG1505 or PG489) during two consecutive days, challenged with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and infected with S. pneumoniae five days after the viral infection. Total resident alveolar macrophage populations in the lungs (CD45⁺CD11c⁺SiglecF⁺ cells), as well as their expression of MHC-II, were evaluated one day after the treatments (basal), two days after the RSV primary infection, and two days after the secondary pneumococcal challenge. Forward scatter (FSC) and side scatter (SSC). The results represent data from three independent experiments. Significant differences when compared to the control group: * (p < 0.05) and ** (p < 0.01).