Figure 4.

Delivery approaches in the inner ear. Schematic representation of the human ear, illustrating methods used to deliver therapeutics into the inner ear. These include systemic (red) and middle ear (blue) indirect approaches, as well as endolymphatic sac delivery (light blue) and direct injections through different compartments of the inner ear (green): cochleostomy (scala media), vestibule (through utricle or semicircular canal), and cochlea (through round window membrane or oval window). Some pros and cons of each methods are highlighted in Table S2.