Table 2.
Cox regression analysis comparing risk of diabetic complications.
| Diabetic Kidney Disease | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
| Variables | Events (%) | Censored | HR (95% CI) | p-Value | HR (95% CI) | p-Value |
| Cluster 1: SAID | 23 (47.9) | 25 | 1.23 (0.79–1.91) | 0.361 | 1.08 (0.69–1.70) | 0.742 |
| Cluster 2: SIDD | 70 (44.3) | 88 | 1.04 (0.79–1.39) | 0.773 | 0.86 (0.60–1.23) | 0.404 |
| Cluster 3: SIRD | 28 (68.3) | 13 | 2.38 (1.58–3.57) | <0.001 | 2.19 (1.44–3.34) | <0.001 |
| Cluster 4: MOD | 117 (51.1) | 112 | 1.40 (1.10–1.79) | 0.006 | 1.28 (0.99–1.64) | 0.055 |
| Cluster 5: MARD | 156 (46.2) | 182 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Age | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | <0.001 | ||
| Sex (Male) | 1.05 (0.85–1.28) | 0.667 | 1.02 (0.83–1.26) | 0.841 | ||
| Diabetes Duration | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.282 | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.469 | ||
| BMI | 0.99 (0.98–1.02) | 0.911 | ||||
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 1.01 (0.99–1.01) | 0.059 | ||||
| eGFR | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | <0.001 | ||||
| Smoking | 1.13 (0.86–1.48) | 0.381 | ||||
| Hypertension | 1.06 (0.83–1.14) | 0.658 | ||||
| Retinopathy | 1.42 (1.09–1.87) | 0.011 | ||||
| Diabetic Retinopathy | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
| Variables | Events (%) | Censored | HR (95% CI) | p-Value | HR (95% CI) | p-Value |
| Cluster 1: SAID | 22 (45.8) | 26 | 2.41 (1.50–3.86) | <0.001 | 1.81 (1.10–3.00) | 0.020 |
| Cluster 2: SIDD | 64 (37.4) | 107 | 1.81 (1.32–2.48) | <0.001 | 1.04 (0.69–1.55) | 0.866 |
| Cluster 3: SIRD | 23 (29.9) | 54 | 1.33 (0.84–2.10) | 0.222 | 1.08 (0.66–1.75) | 0.770 |
| Cluster 4: MOD | 64 (20.9) | 242 | 0.98 (0.71–1.34) | 0.877 | 0.89 (0.64–1.24) | 0.490 |
| Cluster 5: MARD | 103 (23.6) | 333 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Age | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.214 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.112 | ||
| Sex (Male) | 1.16 (0.91–1.48) | 0.233 | 1.11 (0.86–1.43) | 0.433 | ||
| Diabetes Duration | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | <0.001 | ||
| BMI | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.477 | ||||
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) | <0.001 | ||||
| Smoking | 1.19 (0.87–1.62) | 0.277 | ||||
| Hypertension | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | 0.948 | ||||
| Dyslipidemia | 1.02 (0.73–1.42) | 0.911 | ||||
| CKD | 1.36 (1.00–1.86) | 0.050 | ||||
| Coronary Artery Disease | Model 5 | Model 6 | ||||
| Variables | Events (%) | Censored | HR (95% CI) | p-Value | HR (95% CI) | p-Value |
| Cluster 1: SAID | 5 (8.6) | 53 | 0.79 (0.32–1.96) | 0.607 | 0.80 (0.43–3.04) | 0.643 |
| Cluster 2: SIDD | 43 (19.8) | 174 | 1.49 (1.02–2.17) | 0.041 | 1.30 (0.78–2.18) | 0.313 |
| Cluster 3: SIRD | 19 (22.6) | 65 | 1.94 (1.17–3.22) | 0.011 | 1.39 (0.81–2.38) | 0.233 |
| Cluster 4: MOD | 46 (15.0) | 261 | 1.15 (0.79–1.66) | 0.464 | 1.04 (0.71–1.52) | 0.841 |
| Cluster 5: MARD | 76 (17.2) | 367 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Age | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | <0.001 | ||
| Sex (Male) | 1.60 (1.18–2.17) | 0.002 | 1.31 (0.90–1.90) | 0.162 | ||
| Diabetes Duration | 1.02 (0.99–1.03) | 0.070 | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.047 | ||
| BMI | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.725 | ||||
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 1.01 (0.99–1.01) | 0.296 | ||||
| Smoking | 1.49 (1.05–2.13) | 0.027 | ||||
| Hypertension | 2.68 (1.66–4.35) | <0.001 | ||||
| Dyslipidemia | 2.03 (1.21–3.42) | 0.008 | ||||
| CKD | 1.38 (0.98–1.94) | 0.064 | ||||
Diabetic kidney disease was defined as eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or proteinuria. SAID: severe autoimmune diabetes; SIDD: severe insulin-deficient diabetes; SIRD: severe insulin-resistant diabetes; MOD: mild obesity-related diabetes; MARD: mild age-related diabetes; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; CKD: chronic kidney disease.