Table 1.
Sociodemographic and health-related data.
| UK | NL | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gen. Pop. Sample | TBI Sample | Gen. Pop. Sample | TBI Sample | |||
| N = 4403 | N = 228 | p | N = 3399 | N = 432 | p | |
| Age in years | ||||||
| mean ± SD | 44.52 ± 15.66 | 49.73 ± 17.79 | <0.001 | 45.2 ± 15.3 | 55.4 ± 18.8 | <0.001 |
| Age category | ||||||
| 18–40 | 1885 (42.8%) | 67 (29.4%) | <0.001 | 1338 (39.4%) | 98 (22.7%) | <0.001 |
| 41–64 | 1954 (44.4%) | 113 (49.6%) | 1651 (49.6%) | 175 (40.5%) | ||
| 65+ | 564 (12.8%) | 48 (21.1%) | 410 (11.0%) | 159 (36.8%) | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 2134 (48.5%) | 152 (66.7%) | <0.001 | 1665 (49.0%) | 253 (58.6%) | <0.001 |
| Female | 2269 (51.5%) | 76 (33.6%) | 1734 (51.0%) | 179 (41.4%) | ||
| Educational level | ||||||
| Low | 1002 (22.8%) | 7 (3.1%) | <0.001 | 1024 (30.1%) | 14 (3.3%) | <0.001 |
| Middle | 1884 (42.8%) | 99 (43.4%) | 1526 (44.9%) | 239 (55.3%) | ||
| High | 1517 (34.5%) | 98 (43%) | 849 (25.0%) | 137 (31.7%) | ||
| NA | 24 (10.5%) | 42 (9.7%) | ||||
| Work status (before TBI) | ||||||
| In work | 2267 (51.5%) | 145 (63.6%) | <0.001 | 1776 (52.3%) | 202 (46.8%) | <0.001 |
| Out of work | 399 (9.0%) | 7 (3.1%) | 374 (11.0%) | 12 (2.8%) | ||
| Looking after others | 305 (6.9%) | 1 (0.4%) | 145 (4.3%) | 7 (1.6%) | ||
| Student | 265 (6.0%) | 10 (4.4%) | 223 (6.6%) | 34 (7.9%) | ||
| Retired | 725 (16.5%) | 50 (21.9%) | 446 (13.1%) | 143 (33.1%) | ||
| Unable to work | 442 (10.0%) | 3 (1.3%) | 435 (12.8%) | 7 (1.6%) | ||
| NA | 12 (5.3%) | 27 (6.2%) | ||||
| Type of chronic health condition * | ||||||
| Asthma | 602 (13.0%) | - | - | 336 (9.4%) | - | - |
| Heart disease | 109 (2.3%) | - | 102 (2.9%) | - | ||
| Stroke | 74 (1.6%) | - | 81 (2.3%) | - | ||
| Diabetes | 390 (8.4%) | - | 274 (7.7%) | - | ||
| Back conditions | 567 (12.2%) | - | 355 (10.0%) | - | ||
| Arthrosis | 141 (3.0%) | - | 346 (9.7%) | - | ||
| Rheumatisms | 192 (4.1%) | - | 218 (6.1%) | - | ||
| Cancer | 128 (2.8%) | - | 140 (3.9%) | - | ||
| Memory problems (dementia) | 82 (1.8%) | - | 94 (2.6%) | - | ||
| Memory problems (aging) | 205 (4.4%) | - | 82 (2.3%) | - | ||
| Depression | 1254 (27%) | - | 423 (11.9%) | - | ||
| Other | 493 (10.6%) | - | 628 (19.3%) | - | ||
| Number of chronic health conditions | ||||||
| None | 2016 (45.8%) | - | - | 1572 (46.2%) | - | - |
| One | 1379 (31.3%) | - | 1088 (32.0%) | - | ||
| Two and more | 1008 (22.9%) | - | 739 (21.8%) | - | ||
| TBI-severity (GCS) | ||||||
| Mild | - | 164 (71.9%) | - | - | 366 (84.7%) | - |
| Moderate | - | 7 (3.1%) | - | 27 (6.3%) | ||
| Severe | - | 51 (22.4%) | - | 29 (6.7%) | ||
| NA | - | 6 (2.6%) | - | 10 (2.3%) | ||
| Recovery status (GOSE) at 3 months postinjury | ||||||
| Good recovery | - | 111 (48.7%) | - | - | 286 (66.2%) | - |
| Moderate disability | - | 68 (29.8%) | - | 107 (24.8%) | ||
| Severe disability | - | 47 (20.6%) | - | 38 (8.8%) | ||
| NA | - | 2 (0.9%) | - | 1 (0.2%) | ||
* Type of chronic health condition: multiple answers were allowed, therefore percentages were calculated separately for each complaint based on the total sample size; Note: UK: the United Kingdom; NL: the Netherlands; Gen. pop.: general population sample; TBI: TBI sample; p: p-value obtained with independent samples t-test for age or with chi-square test with Yates correction for gender, educational level, and work status; 65+: general population sample: 65–75, TBI-sample: 65–95; -: when data was not assessed; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; GOSE: Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended; In work: general population sample: employee and self-employed, TBI-sample: 35+ h/week and 20–34 h/week and <20 h/week and currently on sick leave and special employment; Out of work: general population sample: for more than 1 year and less than 1 year, TBI-Sample: unemployed; Housekeeper: general population sample: looking after others, e.g., kids or parents; Education level: TBI-sample: “low”: currently in school and primary school, “middle”: currently in diploma and secondary school/high school and post-high school, “high”: college/university.