Table 1.
Overview of radionuclides’ decay properties, emission and chelators for monoclonal antibody immuno-PET/SPECT imaging [81].
| Radionuclides | Decay-Life | Production Method [82] *** | Emission | Labeling Strategies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PET | β+ (%; EMean) | |||
|
124Iodine |
4.2 days |
Cyclotron |
β+ (12%; 687 keV) β+ (11%; 975 keV) |
Direct radiolabeling |
| 89Zirconium | 3.3 days | Cyclotron | β+ (23%; 396 keV) | DFO, DFO*, DFOSq, HOPO |
| 72Arsenic | 1.1 days | Generator | β+ (6%; 824 keV) β+ (64%; 1117 keV) β+ (16%; 1528 keV) |
Direct labelling, SATA, Traut’s reagent |
|
74Arsenic |
17.8 days |
High energy Cyclotron |
β+ (26%; 408 keV) β− |
Direct labelling, SATA, Traut’s reagent |
| 64Copper | 12.7 h | Cyclotron | β+ (18%; 278 keV) β− |
NOTA |
| 86Yttrium | 14.7 h | Cyclotron | β+ (32%; 394–1437 keV) * | DOTA, CHX-A″-DTPA |
| 76Bromine | 16.2 h | Cyclotron | β+ (55%; 336–1800 keV) * | Direct radiolabeling |
| 52Manganese | 5.6 days | High energy cyclotron | β+ (29%; 242 keV) | DOTA |
| 90Niobium | 14.6 h | β+ (51%; 662 keV) | DFO | |
|
66Gallium |
9.5 h |
Cyclotron |
β+ (4%; 397 keV) β+ (51%; 1904 keV) |
NOTA |
| SPECT | γ (%; Energy) ** | |||
| 123Iodine | 13.2 h | High energy Cyclotron |
γ1 (83%; 159 keV) γ2 (1%; 529 keV) |
Direct radiolabeling |
| 131Iodine | 8.0 days | Reactor |
γ1 (82%; 364 keV) γ2 (7%; 637 keV) |
Direct radiolabeling |
| 67Gallium | 3.3 days | High energy Cyclotron |
γ1 (3%; 91 keV) γ2 (39%; 93 keV) γ3 (21%; 184 keV) γ4 (2%; 209 keV) γ5 (17%; 300 keV) γ6 (5%; 394 keV) |
NOTA |
| 99mTechnetium | 6 h | Generator | γ (89%; 141 keV) | HYNIC, N2S2 ligand |
| 111Indium | 2.8 days | High energy Cyclotron |
γ1 (91%; 171 keV) γ2 (94%; 245 keV) |
DOTA, CHX-A″-DTPA |
* Range different Eβ+Average /** Gamma rays used solely for SPECT imaging/ *** High energy cyclotron >20 MeV proton energies.