Table 1.
Characteristics of the studied group (median and range).
| Control N = 18 | T2DM N = 24 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Visit 1 a | Visit 2 b | Visit 1 a | Visit 2 b | p-Value Visit 1 c | p-Value Visit 2 d |
| Age [years] | 54.57 (33.43–65.91) | 56. 36 (37.36–70.96) | 58.30 (28.88–65.12) | 62.50 (41.16–69.20) | 0.157 | 0.146 |
| Female/Male | 9/9 | 11/13 | ||||
| BMI [kg/m2] | 32.40 (25.51–46.05) | 32.48 (23.66–47.05) | 31.52 (22.85–47.22) | 32.10 (26.71–49.35) | 0.187 | 0.219 |
| Weight [kg] | 98.75 (68.8–145.9) | 101.55 (64.00–144.10) | 89.30 (60.20–162.10) | 90.55 (65.80–176.30) | 0.113 | 0.160 |
| Fasting glucose 0 min [mg/dL] | 106.50 (100.00–117.00) | 108.00 (101.00–121.00) | 107.00 (84.00–128.00) | 129.00 (100.00–171.00) | 0.876 | 0.0018 |
| Glucose 120 min [mg/dL] | 124.50 (68.00–182.00) | 127.00 (72.00–190.00) | 141.40 (69.00–186.00) | 206 (160.00–229.00) | 0.132 | 0.0001 |
| Insulin [µU/mL] | 13.49 (5.60–29.00) | 15.00 (10.00–35.00) | 12.00 (6.00–35.00) | 16.00 (4.70–59.00) | 0.618 | 0.88 |
| HbA1c [%] | 5.80 (4.10–6.40) | 5.80 (5.10–6.40) | 5.95 (4.90–6.60) | 6.15 (5.30–7.70) | 0.308 | 0.0057 |
| LDL cholesterol [mg/dL] | 123.10 (94.00–228.00) | 105.00 (53.00–222.00) | 118.50 (57.00–213.00) | 95.50 (60.00–213.00 | 0.471 | 0.348 |
| Total cholesterol [mg/dL] | 196.00 (166.00–324.00) | 181.00 (125.00–284.00) | 191.00 (129.00–321.00) | 174.00 (138.00–310.00) | 0.458 | 0.723 |
| HDL cholesterol [mg/dL] | 49.50 (32.00–107.00) | 49.70 (29.00–125.00) | 51.70 (40.00–71.00) | 53.00 (36.00–89.00) | 0.517 | 0.319 |
| Triglyceride [mg/dL] | 132.00 (41.00–227.00) | 107.00 (33.00–229.00) | 112.50 (45.00–491.00) | 124.50 (44.00–232.00) | 0.131 | 0.875 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.40 (1.50–7.80) | 4.30 (2.80–10.40) | 2.95 (1.52–9.40) | 5.20 (1.10–20.00) | 0.783 | 0.479 |
| HOMA-B | 112.38 (43.00–275.00) | 112.00 (71.00–216.00) | 97.00 (42.23–349.00) | 85.00 (19.00–277.00) | 0.687 | 0.112 |
a visit 1 was performed from 2009–2012; b visit 2 was performed 5 years after the first visit; c p-value visit 1—difference between control and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (based on the Mann–Whitney U test); d p-value visit 2—difference between control and T2DM (based on the Mann–Whitney U test); BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; LDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; HOMA-B, homeostasis model assessment for beta (β) cell function.