Table 2.
Univariable and Multivariable Associations with Myopia in a Cohort of Young Adultsa
| Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | P | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | P |
| Age | 1.199 | 0.792–1.817 | 0.39 | 1.403 | 0.880–2.235 | 0.16 |
| Sex (female) | 0.773 | 0.538–1.111 | 0.16 | 0.907 | 0.594–1.383 | 0.65 |
| Vitamin A intake, total daily | ||||||
| Year 14 (low/adequate categories) | 0.759 | 0.366–1.573 | 0.46 | — | — | — |
| Year 17 (low/adequate categories) | 1.085 | 0.666–1.769 | 0.74 | — | — | — |
| Year 20 (low/adequate categories) | 0.610 | 0.389–0.955 | 0.03 | 1.569 | 0.975–2.524 | 0.06 |
| Year 14 (absolute amount/mg) | 0.962 | 0.711–1.303 | 0.80 | — | — | — |
| Year 17 (absolute amount/mg) | 0.819 | 0.612–1.097 | 0.18 | — | — | — |
| Year 20 (absolute amount/mg) | 0.489 | 0.238–1.004 | 0.05 | — | — | — |
| Year 20 daily carbohydrate intake/mg | 0.435 | 0.051–3.740 | 0.45 | — | — | — |
| Year 20 daily zinc intake/µg | 0.974 | 0.946–1.002 | 0.07 | — | — | — |
| CUVAF | 0.988 | 0.982–0.994 | <0.001 | 0.988 | 0.981–0.994 | <0.001 |
| Highest education completed | ||||||
| Primary school | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
| Secondary school (high school) | 0.833 | 0.079–8.827 | 0.88 | 0.786 | 0.072–8.605 | 0.84 |
| Otherb | 0.905 | 0.447–1.829 | 0.78 | 1.091 | 0.512–2.325 | 0.82 |
| University | 0.543 | 0.238–1.241 | 0.15 | 0.594 | 0.248–1.421 | 0.24 |
| Parental myopia | ||||||
| No parents | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
| One or both parents | 0.489 | 0.316–0.755 | 0.001 | 0.481 | 0.306–0.757 | 0.002 |
a
The odds of myopia decrease with adequate vitamin A intake and increased sun exposure and increase with parental history of myopia. The multivariable analysis included age, sex, year 20 total daily vitamin A intake categories, CUVAF, highest education completed, and parental myopia.
b
Includes, for example, technical and further education (vocational tertiary education in Australia).