Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study population according to diabetes and Vitamin D status: group 1 with diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypovitaminosis D, group 2 with only hypovitaminosis D, group 3 with only DM, and group 4 patients without DM and hypovitaminosis D.
| Variables | All Patients n = 1081 |
HypoVitD | No HypoVitD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DM Group 1 n = 255 |
No DM Group 2 n = 426 |
DM Group 3 n = 106 |
No DM Group 4 n = 294 |
p Value | ||
| Age * | 66.7 (11.5) | 64.6 (10.53) | 67.7 (12.2) | 66.6 (8.8) | 62 (11.3) | 0.016 |
| Male gender (%) ˆ | 70.9 | 72.9 | 66.9 | 83 | 70.4 | 0.010 |
| BMI (kg/m2) †*• | 26.9 (4.4) | 28.2 (4.2) | 26.5 (4.1) | 27.3 (4.6) | 26.2 (4) | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 136.9 (25.2) | 133.9 (24.8) | 138.4 (23.9) | 140.6 (29.8) | 131.9 (20.1) | 0.651 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.4 (13.9) | 78.5 (14.6) | 80.3 (14) | 79.6 (14.1) | 80.9 (11.5) | 0.748 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 75.6 (16.8) | 76.4 (15.8) | 75.4 (13.8) | 83.4 (30.9) | 76.2 (15) | 0.308 |
| LBBB (%) | 4.4 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 5.7 | 2.7 | 0.404 |
| Cardiac arrest (%) | 2.7 | 2 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 4.1 | 0.369 |
| Diagnosis: (%) | ||||||
| STEMI | 59.9 | 57.3 | 59.6 | 55.7 | 63.9 | 0.314 |
| NSTEMI | 40.1 | 42.7 | 40.4 | 44.3 | 36.1 | |
| Killip > 1 (%) * | 21.4 | 27.8 | 21.6 | 20.8 | 15.6 | 0.007 |
| Killip Class (%) * | ||||||
| I | 78.6 | 72.2 | 78.4 | 79.2 | 84.4 | 0.071 |
| II | 15.4 | 18.4 | 16 | 14.2 | 12.6 | |
| III | 3.6 | 5.5 | 3.5 | 4.7 | 1.7 | |
| IV | 2.3 | 3.9 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.4 | |
| Hypertension (%) †* | 68.5 | 76.9 | 64.8 | 76.4 | 63.6 | 0.001 |
| Dislipidemia (%) †* | 56.9 | 64.3 | 54.3 | 65.1 | 51.4 | 0.004 |
| Smoking (%) | 38.9 | 38.4 | 34.9 | 36.4 | 38.9 | 0.354 |
| Family history for IHD (%) | 26.1 | 24.3 | 27.7 | 25.5 | 25.5 | 0.786 |
| Peripheral artery disease (%) †* | 9.1 | 18.8 | 5.9 | 11.3 | 4.4 | <0.001 |
| Previous MI/PTCA/CABG (%) *ˆ | 18.8 | 22 | 17.4 | 32.1 | 13.3 | <0.001 |
| Hb (g/dL) †* | 12.3 (11.2–13.6) | 12.2 (11.1–13.6) | 12.8 (11.4–14) | 12.6 (11.6–14) | 13 (12–14) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) †*ˆ• | 183 (152.5–214.5) | 185 (147–230) | 193 (152.5–232) | 165 (148–197.5) | 193 (166.5–229.5) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) †*ˆ• | 43 (36–51) | 39 (31–46) | 44 (36–55) | 43 (32.5–55) | 46 (36.5–55.5) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) †* ˆ• | 113.6 (87.7–139.1) | 118.6 (81.6–144.4) | 119.2 (91.7–150) | 90.6 (76.1–122.9) | 124 (101.2–155.3) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) †* ˆ• | 110 (82–149.5) | 132 (100–202) | 111 (88–160.5) | 136 (95–196) | 110 (76.5–145.5) | <0.001 |
| HbA1C% †*ˆ• | 5.9 (5.5–6.5) | 7.1 (6.5–8.9) | 5.7 (5.6–6) | 6.7 (6.1–7.9) | 5.8 (5.6–6) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) †* | 0.95 (0.79–1.2) | 1 (0.8–1.2) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 1 (0.8–1.3) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.026 |
| GFR mL/min/1.73 m2 per BSA † | 71.4 (54.3–92.1) | 68.4 (50.3–79.1) | 62 (51–74.6) | 61.1 (43.4–74.2) | 68.8 (57.5–83.6) | 0.081 |
| GRACE score 6 months * | 131.5 (34.4) | 122.8 (29.2) | 123.5 (29.5) | 128.8 (32) | 116.1 (34.3) | 0.020 |
| EDD_I (cm) | 2.2 (1) | 2.5 (0.5) | 2.6 (0.4) | 2.6 (0.3) | 2.6 (0.3) | 0.283 |
| ESD_I (cm) | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.7 (0.5) | 1.7 (0.4) | 1.8 (0.4) | 1.8 (0.4) | 0.862 |
| FS% | 33.7 (10.9) | 32.7 (12) | 34.8 (9.1) | 35 (13.7) | 32.2 (10.5) | 0.330 |
| LVEF% | 51.6 (11.3) | 52 (10) | 53 (9.9) | 49.7 (10.6) | 53.1 (8.01) | 0.027 |
| E/A | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.8 (0.7–1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.732 |
| E/E’ratio †*§• | 10.8 (9–14) | 11.4 (9–16) | 11 (9–13.8) | 11 (9.5–187) | 10 (8–11.1) | <0.001 |
| WMSI | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.3) | 0.145 |
| Mitral insufficiency: (%) | ||||||
| Absent | 37.8 | 36.3 | 38.5 | 36.7 | 38.4 | 0.801 |
| Mild | 54.8 | 55.9 | 54.3 | 54.1 | 54.8 | |
| Moderate | 6.4 | 6.1 | 6.9 | 8.2 | 5.3 | |
| Severe | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 1 | 1.4 | |
| PCI (%) * | 66.2 | 59 | 69.1 | 64.2 | 68.9 | 0.034 |
| CABG (%) ~* | 13 | 20.7 | 9.7 | 11.3 | 11.6 | <0.001 |
| Medical therapy (%) | 20.8 | 20.3 | 21.1 | 24.5 | 19.5 | 0.734 |
| Time to PTCA (h) | 3 (2–4.6) | 3.1 (2.1–6.1) | 2.5 (2–4.4) | 2.4 (1.4–4.1) | 3.1 (2–5.1) | 0.440 |
| Multivessel disease 70% (%) †* | 38.4 | 47.4 | 36.5 | 46.2 | 30.7 | <0.001 |
| IIB/IIIA inhibitors (%) | 13.4 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 14.9 | 15.9 | 0.552 |
| NYHA class at discharge: (%) †ˆ | ||||||
| I | 83.1 | 71.8 | 87.1 | 77.1 | 89.3 | < 0.001 |
| II | 14.4 | 24.6 | 10.1 | 22.9 | 9 | |
| III | 2.3 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 0 | 1.7 | |
| IV | 0.1 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | |
| Vitamin D (ng/mL) †~* ˆ§ | 16.7 (9.4–23.7) | 10.8 (7.2–15) | 13 (7.7–16.9) | 24.7 (22.3–29.2) | 26 (23.3–33.6) | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/L) †~* | 22.7 (2.4–20.6) | 7.4 (2.8–22) | 6.3 (1.8–21.9) | 5.8 (1.4–14.8) | 3.9 (1.7–9.5) | <0.001 |
| ACEIs/ARBs (%) †* | 72.9 | 79.3 | 69.8 | 77.1 | 70.5 | 0.031 |
| Beta blockers (%) | 78.2 | 76.9 | 78.4 | 79 | 78.8 | 0.949 |
| Amiodarone (%) | 9.1 | 10.5 | 8.9 | 13.3 | 6.6 | 0.167 |
| Antialdosteronics (%) | 10.5 | 12.1 | 10.1 | 14.3 | 8.3 | 0.280 |
| Loop diuretics (%) †* | 23 | 33.2 | 21.3 | 25.7 | 15.6 | <0.001 |
| Aspirin (%) | 93.6 | 97.4 | 93.5 | 89.5 | 94.1 | 0.313 |
| P2Y12 inhibitors (%) | 79.3 | 76.2 | 80.3 | 72.4 | 83 | |
| Clopidogrel | 52.6 | 52.2 | 56.1 | 45.7 | 50.2 | 0.062 0.048 |
| Prasugrel | 15.8 | 13 | 15.6 | 19 | 17.3 | |
| Ticagrelor | 14.7 | 13.8 | 12.9 | 12.4 | 19 | |
| Statins (%) ˆ | 87.4 | 87.4 | 85.9 | 94.3 | 87.2 | 0.142 |
| Oral antidiabetics (%) †*ˆ | 18.9 | 53.8 | 0 | 56.2 | 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Insulin (%) †*ˆ | 8.8 | 24.3 | 0 | 29.5 | 0 | <0.001 |
| Warfarin (%) | 7.9 | 10.9 | 6.2 | 12.4 | 5.9 | 0.026 |
† Statistical significance between group 1 vs. 2; ~ statistical significance between group 1 vs. 3; * statistical significance between group 1 vs. 4; ˆ statistical significance between group 2 vs. 3; § statistical significance between group 2 vs. 4; • statistical significance between group 3 vs. 4. Legend: BMI: body mass index; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; IHD: ischemic heart disease; PTCA: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; HbA1C: hemoglobin A1c (glycated hemoglobin); CRP: C-reactive protein; Hb: hemoglobin; HF: heart failure; GFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; EDD_I: end diastolic diameter indexed; ESD_I end systolic diameter indexed; IVS: interventricular septum; FS: fractional shortening; LBBB: left bundle branch block; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; WMSI: wall motion score index; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; ACEIs/ARBs: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers; NYHA: New York Heart Association.