Table 1.
Biomarkers of alcohol metabolism, the inflammatory response to alcohol consumption and their relation to hangover severity.
| Biomarker | Time After Alcohol Consumption | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 h | 1 h | 4 h | 12 h | |
| Ethanol (mg/dL) | 0.0 (0.0) | 56.8 (10.0) | 38.9 (7.2) | 1.1 (0.4) |
| Acetaldehyde (mg/dL) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.13 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) |
| Interleukin (IL)-6 (pg/mL) | 0.50 (1.2) | – | 0.97 (1.7) | 1.03 (1.7) * |
| Interleukin (IL)-10 (pg/mL) | 0.35 (0.5) | – | 0.29 (0.4) | 0.28 (0.4) |
| Interleukin (IL)-12 (pg/mL) | 0.04 (0.07) | – | 0.01 (0.006) | 0.01 (0.006) |
| Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) (pg/mL) | 0.09 (0.2) | – | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.07) |
| Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (pg/mL) | 3.56 (1.9) | – | 3.31 (1.4) * | 4.00 (2.0) * |
Biomarker assessments after consumption of alcohol to reach a desired breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) of 0.06%. Mean and standard deviation (SD) (between brackets) are shown. Significant correlations with hangover severity (p < 0.05), after bootstrapping (B = 10,000 bootstrapped samples), are indicated by *. – = not assessed. Data from Kim et al. [22].