Table 2.
Biomarkers of alcohol metabolism, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response to alcohol consumption and their relation to hangover severity.
| Biomarker | Time After Alcohol Consumption | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 h | 0.5 h | 2 h | 4 h | 12 h | |
| Ethanol (mg/dL) | – | 26.2 (4.5) | 14.8 (3.5) | 6.8 (1.0) | 2.7 (0.4) |
| Acetaldehyde (mg/dL) | – | 0.42 (0.03) | 0.28 (0.05) | 0.17 (0.02) | – |
| Interleukin (IL)-6 (pg/mL) | 4.2 (0.0) | 4.3 (0.8) | 5.1 (1.0) | 5.8 (1.0) | 6.1 (1.0) |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 2.2 (0.6) | 2.6 (0.7) | 3.3 (0.8) | 3.8 (0.7) * | 3.8 (1.2) |
| 8-isoprostane (pg/mL) | 22.6 (4.5) | 25.3 (3.5) | 26.2 (4.8) | 29.8 (7.1) | 30.6 (6.5) * |
| Malondialdehyde (nmol/dL) | 72.0 (7.3) | 83.4 (7.2) * | 94.4 (7.0) | 95.5 (7.0) | 92.6 (13.3) |
| Glutathione (nmol/mg Hb) | 23.9 (3.4) | 21.7 (3.1) | 21.6 (3.9) | 23.0 (2.4) | 21.7 (3.5) |
| Superoxide dismutase (U/mL) | 0.42 (0.1) | 0.35 (0.1) | 0.30 (0.1) | 0.28 (0.1) | 0.27 (0.1) |
Biomarker assessments after consumption of alcohol to reach a desired BrAC of 0.03%. Mean and standard deviation (between brackets) are shown. Significant correlations with hangover severity (p < 0.05), assessed 14 h after alcohol consumption, are indicated by *. – = ethanol and acetaldehyde were not assessed at 0 h, and acetaldehyde could not be detected 12 h after alcohol consumption. Data from Mammen et al. [23].