Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population by self-reported medication intake.
| All | No Regular Meds | 1–2 Regular Meds | 3–4 Regular Meds | ≥5 Regular Meds | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (n) | 100 (2217) | 47.7 (1058) | 30.4 (675) | 12.8 (284) | 9.0 (200) | |
| Age (years) 1 | 55.3 ± 11.4 | 50.6 ± 10.4 a | 56.3 ± 10.9 b | 63.4 ± 8.6 c | 65.0 ± 7.1 c | <0.001 |
| 35–44 years (%, (n)) | 21.9 (485) | 73.6 (357) | 24.1 (117) | 2.1 (10) | 0.2 (1) | <0.001 |
| 45–54 years (%, (n)) | 25.3 (562) | 61.2 (344) | 31.0 (174) | 5.3 (30) | 2.5 (14) | |
| 55–64 years (%, (n)) | 26.7 (593) | 38.1 (226) | 33.6 (199) | 16.0 (95) | 12.3 (73) | |
| 65–75 years (%, (n)) | 26.0 (577) | 22.7 (131) | 32.1 (185) | 25.8 (149) | 19.4 (112) | |
| Sex, Male (%, (n)) | 49.3 (1092) | 55.0 (582) | 42.8 (289) | 47.9 (136) | 42.5 (85) | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) 1 | 169.1 ± 9.5 | 170.9 ± 9.4 a | 168.3 ± 9.4 b | 166.6 ± 9.4 c | 166.4 ± 9.3 b,c | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) 1 | 75.1 ± 15.0 | 75.2 ± 14.9 a,b | 73.6 ± 14.6 a | 76.5 ± 15.3 b | 77.4 ± 15.3 b | 0.003 |
| BMI (kg/m2) 1 | 26.2 ± 4.5 | 25.7 ± 4.4 a | 25.9 ± 4.4 a | 27.5 ± 4.5 b | 27.9 ± 4.6 b | <0.001 |
| <25 (%, (n)) | 44.9 (995) | 50.0 (528) | 47.1 (318) | 31.7 (90) | 29.5 (59) | <0.001 |
| 25–29.9 (%, (n)) | 38.0 (843) | 36.3 (384) | 37.3 (252) | 44.0 (125) | 41.0 (82) | |
| ≥30 (%, (n)) | 17.1 (378) | 13.7 (145) | 15.6 (105) | 24.3 (69) | 29.5 (59) | |
| Self-reported health status | <0.001 | |||||
| excellent (%, (n)) | 11.5 (256) | 15.5 (164) | 11.0 (74) | 3.9 (11) | 3.5 (7) | |
| very good (%, (n)) | 37.8 (837) | 45.8 (485) | 36.0 (243) | 27.1 (77) | 16.0 (32) | |
| good (%, (n)) | 39.4 (873) | 33.5 (354) | 44.4 (300) | 46.8 (133) | 43.0 (86) | |
| fair (%, (n)) | 9.8 (218) | 4.6 (49) | 7.6 (51) | 18.7 (53) | 32.5 (65) | |
| poor (%, (n)) | 1.5 (33) | 0.6 (6) | 1.0 (7) | 3.5 (10) | 5.0 (10) | |
| Smoker, current (%, (n)) | 19.1 (424) | 20.3 (215) | 18.4 (124) | 18.6 (53) | 16.1 (32) | 0.480 |
| Country | ||||||
| Austria (%, (n)) | 18.0 (399) | 20.1 (213) | 17.2 (116) | 13.0 (37) | 16.5 (33) | <0.001 |
| Belgium (%, (n)) | 11.8 (261) | 6.5 (69) | 12.9 (87) | 19.0 (54) | 25.5 (51) | |
| Germany (%, (n)) | 16.1 (357) | 18.5 (196) | 17.3 (117) | 10.9 (31) | 6.5 (13) | |
| Greece (%, (n)) | 17.9 (397) | 19.7 (208) | 15.9 (107) | 18.7 (53) | 14.5 (29) | |
| Italy (%, (n)) | 18.0 (398) | 17.4 (184) | 21.5 (145) | 15.5 (44) | 12.5 (25) | |
| Poland (%, (n)) | 18.3 (405) | 17.8 (188) | 15.3 (103) | 22.9 (65) | 24.5 (49) |
1 Values are means ± S.D., p-value: one-way ANOVA (continuous variables) and Pearson’s chi-squared test (prevalence), n = 2217. a,b,c Means in a row without a common superscript letter differ statistically significantly (p < 0.05), as analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s Post Hoc test.