Table 4.
Association of medication with biomarkers in youngest and oldest age-groups after adjusting for covariables.
| Age-Group: 35–44 Years | Age-Group: 65–75 Years | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (95% CI) | (η2) | Diff. 3 (Unit) | Diff. 4 (%) | p | B (95% CI) | (η2) | Diff. 3 (Unit) | Diff. 4 (%) | p | |
| (SR) Retinol (µmol/L) | ||||||||||
| Medication (4 Groups) | 0.024 (−0.006; 0.054) | 0.005 | 0.063 | 3.90 | 0.118 | 0.016 (0.003; 0.030) | 0.010 | 0.041 | 2.37 | 0.019 |
| Medication (4 Groups), adj. 1 | 0.032 (0.004; 0.060) | 0.012 | 0.075 | 4.66 | 0.023 | 0.028 (0.014; 0.041) | 0.033 | 0.079 | 4.55 | 0.000 |
| (SR) Zeaxanthin (µmol/L) | ||||||||||
| Medication (4 Groups) | −0.005 (−0.017; 0.006) | 0.002 | −0.002 | −4.91 | 0.363 | −0.012 (−0.018; −0.006) | 0.032 | −0.006 | −13.97 | 0.000 |
| Medication (4 Groups), adj. 1,2 | −0.009 (−0.021; 0.003) | 0.005 | −0.002 | −4.89 | 0.148 | −0.008 (−0.013; −0.002) | 0.014 | −0.004 | −8.85 | 0.008 |
| (Ln) β -Carotene (µmol/L) | ||||||||||
| Medication (4 Groups) | −0.032 (−0.148; 0.085) | 0.001 | −0.017 | −2.96 | 0.592 | −0.061 (−0.113; −0.009) | 0.010 | −0.040 | −7.71 | 0.022 |
| Medication (4 Groups), adj. 1 | −0.035 (−0.140; 0.070) | 0.001 | −0.027 | −4.92 | 0.511 | −0.063 (−0.110; −0.017) | 0.014 | −0.058 | −11.15 | 0.008 |
| (Ln) α -Tocopherol (µmol/L) | ||||||||||
| Medication (4 Groups) | 0.037 (−0.008; 0.081) | 0.006 | 1.009 | 3.97 | 0.107 | −0.030 (−0.052; −0.007) | 0.012 | −0.971 | −3.33 | 0.010 |
| Medication (4 Groups), adj. 1,2 | 0.048 (0.002; 0.093) | 0.010 | 0.789 | 4.89 | 0.039 | −0.023 (−0.045; −0.001) | 0.008 | −0.827 | −2.83 | 0.042 |
| (Ln) α-Tocopherol/Cholesterol (µmol/mmol) | ||||||||||
| Medication (4 Groups) | 0.060 (0.023; 0.096) | 0.022 | 0.332 | 6.83 | 0.002 | 0.029 (0.010; 0.048) | 0.018 | 0.140 | 2.59 | 0.003 |
| Medication (4 Groups), adj. 1 | 0.059 (0.020; 0.097) | 0.021 | 0.324 | 6.65 | 0.003 | 0.039 (0.013; 0.058) | 0.032 | 0.200 | 3.70 | 0.000 |
| (Ln) Cholesterol (mmol/L) | ||||||||||
| Medication (4 Groups) | −0.119 (−0.296; 0.058) | 0.004 | −0.119 | −2.24 | 0.187 | −0.300 (−0.389; −0.211) | 0.078 | −0.300 | −5.43 | 0.000 |
| Medication (4 Groups), adj. 1,2 | −0.037 (−0.226; 0.153) | 0.000 | −0.037 | −0.69 | 0.705 | −0.290 (−0.382; −0.199) | 0.076 | −0.290 | −5.25 | 0.000 |
Multiple linear regression with medication group (n = 4) as covariate; (SR) square root transformed; (Ln) logarithmic transformed. Regression coefficient B represents the increase/decrease in the respective compound for each multiple linear regression model. 1 Adjusted for age (linear), sex, BMI, smoking status, frequency of dietary habits (fruit, vegetables, and juice per week), use of vitamin supplements as covariates, alcoholic drinks per month (beer, wine, other) and education and country and season as co-factors. 2 Adjustment for interaction term [Medication Group × Age-Group]. 3 Mean differences per medication intake of back-transformed data (unit) considering the intercept of each model. 4 Differences in biomarker concentrations as percentage (%) of the geometric means (Retinol: 35–44 years: 1.606 µmol/L; 65–75 years: 1.748 µmol/L; Zeaxanthin: 35–44 years: 0.041 µmol/L; 65–75 years: 0.044 µmol/L; β-Carotene: 35–44 years: 0.557 µmol/L; 65–75 years: 0.520 µmol/L; α-Tocopherol: 35–44 years: 25.4 µmol/L; 65–75 years: 29.2 µmol/L; α-Tocopherol/Cholesterol: 35–44 years: 4.863 µmol/mmol; 65–75 years: 5.403 µmol/mmol; Cholesterol: 35–44 years: 5.326 mmol; 65–75 years: 5.528 mmol).