Table 3.
Cross-sectional observational studies of relationship of Helicobacter-status to motor severity and hypokinesia within idiopathic parkinsonism.
| Study | Ascertainment of Helicobacter Positivity | Number of IP * Participant(s) (Levodopa-Status) |
Primary Relevant Outcome Measures | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weller et al. (2005) [52] |
Serum immunoblot antibody profile | 124 with immunoblot profile (81% on levodopa, evenly spaced to minimise fluctuations) |
Stride length and its deterioration over 4 years Webster Rating Scale |
Gradients of clinically relevant size between “discriminant index for IP-status” (based on immunoblot) and shorter stride length and more deterioration over 4 years. Gradient between index and Webster rating. |
| Lee et al. (2008) [49] |
UBT | 30 Helicobacter-negative, 35 positive (all on levodopa) |
UPDRS-III † | No difference in UPDRS. |
| Hashim et al. (2014) [50] |
UBT | 53 Helicobacter-negative, 21 positive (all on levodopa for ≥1 month) |
UPDRS-II and -III PDQ-39 † |
Helicobacter-positives had worse UPDRS and PDQ scores. |
| Narozanska et al. (2014) [53] |
Stool antigen | 48 Helicobacter-negative, 25 positive (all with levodopa-induced motor fluctuations) |
UPDRS-III † | No difference between Helicobacter-positives and -negatives in UPDRS. |
| Bu et al. (2005) [54] |
Anti-urease-IgG serology (ELISA) | 131 with antibody-status against six pathogens (including H. pylori), compared with 141 without IP (unspecified number on levodopa) |
Schwab and England Stage † |
Infection burden, based on number seropositivities for six pathogens, associated with having IP and its Schwab and England Stage. |
| Tan et al. (2015) [55] | UBT | 69 Helicobacter-negative, 33 positive (unspecified number on levodopa) | UPDRS-III Timed walking test Purdue Pegboard test |
Helicobacter-positive had worse UPDRS, longer timed waking test and inserted fewer pegs in allotted time. |
| Esmael et al. (2016) [56] |
Anti-urease-IgG serology (ELISA) | 27 Helicobacter-negative, 23-positive (all with levodopa-induced motor fluctuations) |
Total UPDRS (six parts) PDQ-39 † |
UPDRS and PDQ worse in Helicobacter-positive. |
| Roshan et al. (2018) [57] |
Anti-urease-IgG serology (ELISA) | 66 Helicobacter-negative, 33-positive (no information on levodopa receipt) |
UPDRS-II & -III † | No difference between Helicobacter-positive and -negative in UPDRS. |
* idiopathic parkinsonism. † Hoehn & Yahr Stage also performed but no difference found in Stage according to Helicobacter-status.