Table 1.
A comprehensive list of altered metabolites of lipids and amino acid (AA) origins found in cohort studies mentioned in the respective sections.
| Sr. no. | (Parent)-Class of Compound | Metabolites | Nature of Variation | Source | Associated Pathway |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Branched-chain-amino acids/Amino acids (BCAA/AA) | N-Acetylaspartate | ↓ | plasma/urine | Alanine and aspartate metabolism |
| 2 | Phosphocreatine | ↑ | plasma/urine | Creatine biosynthesis and amino acid | |
| 3 | Creatinine | ↑ | plasma/urine | Metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine | |
| 4 | Glycine | ↓ | plasma/urine | Metabolism | |
| 5 | Guanidinoacetate | ↑ | plasma/urine | AA metabolism | |
| 6 | Butyrylglycine | ↓ | plasma/urine | FA metabolism | |
| 7 | Caproylglycine | ↓ | plasma/urine | Fatty acid metabolism | |
| 8 | N-Acetylglutamate | ↑ | plasma/urine | Glutamate pathway (link with urea cycle) | |
| 9 | Choline | ↑ | plasma/urine | Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism | |
| 10 | Threonine | ↑ | plasma/urine | AA metabolism | |
| 11 | Valerylglycine | ↓ | plasma/urine | AA metabolism | |
| 12 | Alanine | ↑ | plasma/urine | Glycolysis, alanine and aspartate metabolism | |
| 13 | 2-Oxoadipate | ↑ | plasma/urine | Lysine degradation | |
| 14 | Lysine | ↑ | plasma/urine | biosynthesis | |
| 15 | Glutaric acid | ↓ | plasma/urine | Lysine degradation, fatty acid metabolism | |
| 16 | Methionine | ↑ | plasma/urine | Methionine metabolism | |
| 17 | Taurine | ↑ | plasma/urine | Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism | |
| 18 | Tyrosine | ↑ | plasma/urine | Tryptophan metabolism | |
| 19 | Indoxyl sulfate | ↓ | plasma/serum | Tyrosine metabolism | |
| 20 | Citrulline | ↑ | plasma/serum | Urea cycle | |
| 21 | l-Argininosuccinic acid | ↑ | plasma/serum | ||
| 22 | N-Acetyl citrulline | ↑ | plasma/serum | ||
| 23 | Ornithine | ↑ | plasma/serum | ||
| 24 | Isobutyrlglycine | ↓ | plasma/serum | val, leu and ileu degradation | |
| 25 | Isovalerate | ↓ | plasma/serum | ||
| 26 | Isovalerylglycine | ↓ | plasma/serum | ||
| 27 | Methylmalonate | ↓ | plasma/serum | ||
| 28 | Valine | ↑ | plasma/serum | ||
| 29 | Glutamylvaline | ↑ | plasma/serum | dipeptide metabolism | |
| 30 | Gamma-glutamylisoleucine | ↑ | plasma/serum | g-glutamyl metabolism | |
| 31 | 3-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) | ↑ | plasma/serum | ketone bodies degradation | |
| 32 | Phenylacetylglutamine | ↑ | plasma/serum | Phenylalanine and tyrosine degradation | |
| 33 | Phenylalanine | ↑ | plasma/serum | Phenylalanine and tyrosine degradation | |
| 34 | Homocitrulline | ↑ | plasma/serum | Urea cycle | |
| 35 | Phenylacetylglutamine | ↑ | plasma/serum | Dipeptide | |
| 36 | Glutamylvaline | ↑ | plasma/serum | Saturated fatty acids | |
| 37 | Gamma-glutamylisoleucine | ↑ | plasma/serum | g-glutamyl metabolism | |
| 38 | N-acetylalanine | ↑ | plasma/serum | BCAA metabolism | |
| 39 | Cysteine | ↓ | plasma/serum | Amino-sugars metabolism | |
| 40 | Leucine | ↑ | plasma/serum | AA metabolism | |
| 41 | 2-ketoisocaproic acid and 2-hydroxybutanoic | ↑ | plasma/serum | Leucine and methionine metabolism | |
| 42 | cystine | ↑ | plasma/serum | AA metabolism | |
| 43 | Histidine | ↑ | plasma/serum | AA metabolism | |
| 44 | Lysine/serine/aspergine | ↓ | plasma/serum | AA metabolism | |
| 45 | 5-l-Glutamyl-taurine | ↑ | Urine | AA metabolism | |
| 46 | 4-Oxoproline | ↑ | Urine | AA metabolism | |
| 47 | l-Valine | ↑ | Urine | AA metabolism | |
| 48 | N-formylproline | ↑ | Urine | AA metabolism | |
| 49 | N-(3-hydroxybenzoyl)glycine | ↑ | Urine | AA metabolism | |
| 50 | 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | ↑ | Urine | AA metabolism | |
| 51 | Glucuronide compound | ↑ | Urine | AAmetabolism | |
| 52 | d-Glutamicacid | ↑ | Urine | Amino acids metabolism | |
| 53 | Glutamine | ↓ | plasma/serum | Amino acids metabolism | |
| 54 | 2-aminoadipic acid | ↑ | plasma/serum | Tryptophan metabolism | |
| 55 | (Acyl)carnitines | Total carnitine | ↑ | plasma/serum | Mitochondrial fatty acids metabolism |
| 56 | Free Carnitine | ↑ | plasma/serum | ||
| 57 | Acetylcarnitine (C2) | ↓ | plasma | ||
| 58 | Propionylcarnitine (C3), C14:2 and C18 acylcarnitines | ↓ | plasma | ||
| 59 | Hexanoylcarnitine (C6), Octanoylcarnitine (C8), Decanoylcarnitine (C10), Myristoylcarnitine (C14) | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 60 | Malonylcarnitine, Oleoylcarnitine (C18:1) | ||||
| 61 | Suberoylcarnitine (C8-dicarb) | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 62 | Summed C10-C14 acylcarnitines | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 63 | 2-methylbutyroylcarnitine | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 64 | 3-dehydroxycarnitine | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 65 | Butyrylcarnitine (C4) | ↓ | plasma | ||
| 66 | Isobutyrylcarnitine | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 67 | Valerylcarnitine | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 68 | Isovalerylcarnitine | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 69 | 3-Hydroxy-isovalerylcarnitine | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 70 | 3-Methyl-crotonylcarnitine | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 71 | Hexanoylcarnitine (C6) | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 72 | Phenylacetylcarnitine | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 73 | Phenylpropionylcarnitine | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 74 | 4-Phenyl-butyrylcarnitine | ↓ | plasma | ||
| 75 | 4-Methyl-hexanoylcarnitine | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 76 | Octanoylcarnitine (C8) | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 77 | cis-3,4-Methylene-heptanoylcarnitine | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 78 | Decanoylcarnitine (C10) | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 79 | cis-4-Decenoylcarnitine | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 80 | cis-3,4-Methylene-nonanoylcarnitine | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 81 | Lauroylcarnitine (C12) | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 82 | Myristoylcarnitine (C14) | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 83 | Linoleoylcarnitine (C18:2) | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 84 | Adipoylcarnitine (C6-dicarb) | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 85 | Suberoylcarnitine (C8-dicarb) | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 86 | C18:2-carnitine | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 87 | C20-carnitine | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 88 | C20:4-carnitine | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 89 | C26-carnitine | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 90 | Organic acids | Malonate | ↑ | plasma | Fatty acids metabolism |
| 91 | Lactate | ↑ | plasma | Glycolysis | |
| 92 | Acetate | ↑ | plasma | Glycolysis, ala and asp metabolism | |
| 93 | Valeric acid | ↑ | plasma | Glycolysis, fatty acid b-oxidation | |
| 94 | Formate | ↑ | plasma | Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate | |
| 95 | N1-Methylnicotinamide | ↑ | plasma | Nicotinate, nicotinamide metabolism | |
| 96 | N1-Methylnicotinic acid | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 97 | Nicotinamide-n-oxide | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 98 | N-Methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 99 | N-Methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 100 | 3-Ureidopropanoate | ↑ | plasma | Purine metabolism | |
| 101 | Orotate | ↑ | plasma | Pyrimidine metabolism | |
| 102 | Isocaproyl | ↓ | plasma | Steroid and hormone production | |
| 103 | (s)-Malate | ↓ | plasma/serum | TCA cycle metabolism | |
| 104 | 2-Oxoglutarate | ↑ | plasma/serum | ||
| 105 | cis-Aconitate | ↓ | plasma/serum | ||
| 106 | Citrate | ↑ | plasma/serum | ||
| 107 | Fumarate | ↑ | plasma/serum | ||
| 108 | Succinate | ↑ | plasma/serum | ||
| 109 | m-Hydroxyphenyl propionic acid | ↑ | plasma/serum | Phenyl alanine metabolism (bacterial) | |
| 110 | m-Hydroxyphenyl propionic acid sulfate | ↑ | plasma/serum | ||
| 111 | Phenyl sulfate | ↓ | plasma/serum | ||
| 112 | Hippurate | ↑ | plasma/serum | ||
| 113 | 5-Hydroxykynurenine | ↑ | plasma | Amino acids metabolism | |
| 114 | 3-deoxyarabinohexonic acid | ↑ | serum | Fatty acid metabolism | |
| 115 | Uronic acid | ↑ | plasma/serum | Glucose metabolism | |
| 116 | Erythronate | ↑ | plasma | Amino-sugars metabolism | |
| 117 | Gluconic acid | ↑ | plasma | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 118 | Benzoic acid | ↓ | plasma/urine | Phenolic metabolite | |
| 119 | Acetic acid | ↓ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 120 | Propionic acid | ↓ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 121 | Butyric acid | ↓ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 122 | Isovaleric acid | ↓ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 123 | Valeric acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 124 | Succinic acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 125 | Formic acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 126 | Lactic acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 127 | Capric acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 128 | Caprylic acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 129 | Citrate | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 130 | Ethylmalonic acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 131 | Fumarate | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 132 | Glutaric acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 133 | Glycolic acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 134 | β-Hydroxybutyrate | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 135 | α-Hydroxybutyrate | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 136 | 2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 137 | α-Ketoglutarate | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 138 | Lactate | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 139 | Methylmalonic acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 140 | Orotic acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 141 | Oxalic acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 142 | Oxaloacetate | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 143 | Pyroglutamic acid | ↓ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 144 | Pyruvate | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 145 | Sebacic acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 146 | Suberic acid | ↓ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 147 | Succinate | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 148 | Lactate | ↓ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 149 | Hippuric acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 150 | Indole-3-carboxylic acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 151 | Phenyllactic acid | ↑ | urine | Carbohydrate metabolism | |
| 152 | Glyoxylate | ↑ | urine | Energy metabolism | |
| 153 | 2-Hydroxybutyrate | ↑ | plasma/urine | Energy metabolism | |
| 154 | 3-Hydroxybutyrate | ↑ | plasma/urine | Energy metabolism | |
| 155 | 3-Hydroxy-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Energy metabolism | |
| 156 | 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Energy metabolism | |
| 157 | Benzoic acid | ↑ | plasma/urine | Energy metabolism | |
| 158 | Free fatty acids | 2-Hydroxy-N-valerate | ↓ | plasma/serum | Fatty acids metabolism |
| 159 | Docosanoic acid | ↑ | plasma | Free fatty acid synthesis | |
| 160 | 2-Hydroxyvaleric acid | ↑ | plasma | Free fatty acid synthesis | |
| 161 | C12:0 | ↑ | plasma | Lipid metabolism | |
| 162 | C14:0 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 163 | C15:0 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 164 | C16:0 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 165 | C16:1n-9 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 166 | C16:1n-7 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 167 | C18:0 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 168 | C18:1n-9 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 169 | C18:1n-7 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 170 | C18:2n-6 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 171 | C18:3n-3 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 172 | C18:3n-6 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 173 | C20:0 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 174 | C20:1n-9 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 175 | C20:2n-7 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 176 | C20:3n-6 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 177 | C20:4n-6 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 178 | C20:5n-3 | ↓ | plasma | ||
| 179 | C22:1n-9 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 180 | C22:4n-6 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 181 | C22:5n-6 | ↓ | plasma | ||
| 182 | C22:5n-3 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 183 | C22:6n-3 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 184 | (Phospho)-lipids | LysoPC 16:0, 18:0 | ↑ | plasma | Phospholipid metabolism |
| 185 | PE C34:2, PE C36:2, PE C38:4, | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 186 | DG 16:0/22:5, DG 16:0/22:6, DG 16:1/18:0, DG 16:1/18:1, DG 16:0/16:0, DG 18:0/18:1, DG 16:0/18:0, DG 16:0/20:4, DG 14:0/18:1, DG 16:0/20:3, and DG 18:0/18:2 | ↑ | plasma | Phospholipid metabolism | |
| 187 | LysoPC C17:0, lysoPC C18:1, LysoPC (18:2), LysoPC C20:4, Lyso C 22:6, LysoPC C18:3, LysoPC C20:5, Lyso-PC Lyso-PC C20:C36:3, Lyso-PC C38:5, Lyso-PC 40:1, Lyso-PC C18:2, Lyso-PC C34:3, Lyso-PC C42:5, Lyso-PC C40:6, Lyso-PC C44:5, Lyso-PC C44:4 | ↓ | plasma | Phospholipid metabolism | |
| 188 | phosphatidylinositol (PI) (PI 38:4, 36:2, 36:3, 34:2) | ↓ | plasma | Phospholipid metabolism | |
| 189 | phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (PE 38:6, PE 38:5, PE 38:4 and PE 36:3 | ↓ | plasma | Phospholipid metabolism | |
| 190 | Cholesteryl-β-d-glucoside | ↑ | plasma | Phospholipid metabolism | |
| 191 | Cholesteryl-β-d-glucoside fragment | ↑ | plasma | Cholesterol metabolism | |
| 192 | 1,2 Distearyole phosphatidyle serine | ↑ | plasma | Cholesterol metabolism | |
| 193 | Lyso PE 18:2, LysoPE (20:0/0:0), LysoPE (20:2/0:0), LysoPE (20:1/0:0) | ↑ | plasma | Phospholipid metabolism | |
| 194 | TAG 52:1, TAG 50:0, TAG 48:1, TAG 46:1, TAG 44:1 TAG 48:0 | ↑ | plasma | Lipids metabolism | |
| 195 | PC 34:2, PC 40:1, PC 36:3, and PC 38:5 | ↑ | plasma | ||
| 196 | SM 22:0 | ↑ | plasma | Phospholipid metabolism | |
| 197 | TAG 58:10, TAG 56:9, TAG 60:12 | ↓ | plasma | Phospholipid metabolism | |
| 198 | PC 38:6, 18:2, C34:4 | ↓ | plasma | Phospholipid metabolism | |
| 199 | TAG 50:0 + TAG 58:10 | ↑ | plasma | Lipids metabolism | |
| 200 | PC 22:4/dm18:0, PCO-20:0/O-20:0, PCO-18:0/22:5,LysoPCdm16:0 | ↑ | plasma | Phospholipid metabolism | |
| 201 | LysoPCdm16:0 | ↑ | plasma | Phospholipid metabolism | |
| 202 | GlcCer (d18:0/18:0) PC (16:0/O-16:0) PC (O-14:0/18:0) | ↓ | plasma | Phospholipid metabolism | |
| 203 | diacyl-PC36:1, PC32:1, PC40:5, and PC38:3 | ↑ | plasma | Phospholipid metabolism | |
| 204 | PC (18:2/dm16:0) PC (O-16:0/18:3) PC (O-16:0/18:3) | ↑ | plasma | Phospholipid metabolism | |
| 205 | PC (P-16:0/18:2) | ↑ | plasma | Phospholipid metabolism | |
| 206 | glycerophosphorylcholine [M] | ↓ | plasma | Glycerolipids metabolism | |
| 207 | PC a C20:4 (alt) [B] | ↓ | plasma | Glycerolipids metabolism | |
| 208 | PC aa (OH, COOH) C28:4 | ↓ | plasma | Glycerolipids metabolism | |
| 209 | PC aa C34:4 | ↓ | plasma | Glycerolipids metabolism | |
| 210 | SM C14:0, C16:1, SM C22:2, SM C18:1, dihydroceramides d18:0/C18:0, d18:0/C22:0, ceramide d18:1/C18:0 | ↓ | plasma | Glycerolipids metabolism | |
| 211 | PE aa C34:2, PE aa C36:2, PE aa C38:4 | ↑ | plasma | Glycerolipids metabolism | |
| 212 | Gangliosides C16:0 and C18:0 and glucosylceramides (C16:0, C22:0, C24:0 and C24:1) | ↑ | plasma | Lipid/fatty acid metabolism | |
| 213 | PC aa C34:4, PC 34:4 | ↓ | plasma | Glycerolipids metabolism | |
| 214 | arachidonate | ↓ | plasma | Polyene metabolism | |
| 215 | myristate (14:0), palmitate (16:0), oleic acid, heptadecanoic acid, margarate (17:0), stearate (18:0), 10-heptadecenoate (17:1n7), oleate (18:1n9), linoleate (18:2n6), linoleamide (18:2n6), linolenate (18:3n3 or 6), eicosenoate (20:1n9 or 11), dihomo-alpha-linolenate (20:3n3), adrenate (22:4n6), TG 14:1/16:1/18:0, TG 16:1/16:1/16:1 | ↑ | plasma | FA metabolism | |
| 216 | cholesterol esters (CE) (CE 24:1, and CE 22:0) | ↑ | plasma | FA metabolism | |
| 217 | 2-hydroxypalmitate | ↑ | plasma | Medium-chain FA metabolism | |
| 218 | 2-hydroxystearate | ↑ | plasma | SFA metabolism | |
| 219 | caproate (6:0), heptanoate (7:0), pelargonate (9:0) | ↓ | plasma | ||
| 220 | 10-undecenoate (11:1n1) | ↓ | plasma | ||
| 221 | arachidonate (20:4n6) | ↓ | plasma | ||
| 222 | 3-hydroxybutanoic acid (b-hydroxybutryrate) | ↑ | plasma | Lipid/fatty acid metabolism | |
| 223 | 20-Hydroxy-leukotriene E4, 5-methoxytryptamine, Endomorphin-1 | ↑ | plasma | Lipid/fatty acid metabolism | |
| 224 | 2-ketoisocaproic acid | ↑ | serum | Lipid/fatty acid metabolism | |
| 225 | α-hydroxyisobutyric acid | ↑ | serum | Lipid/fatty acid metabolism | |
| 226 | β-hydroxybutyric acid | ↑ | serum | Lipid/fatty acid metabolism | |
| 227 | 1-monopalmitin | ↑ | serum | Lipid/fatty acid metabolism | |
| 228 | 1-monostearin | ↑ | serum | Lipid/fatty acid metabolism | |
| 229 | Cholic acid | ↑ | urine | Lipid/fatty acid metabolism | |
| 230 | Suberic acid | ↓ | urine | Lipid/fatty acid metabolism | |
| 231 | Glycocholic acid | ↑ | urine | Bile acid metabolism | |
| 232 | 3,4,5-Trihydroxypentanoic acid | ↑ | plasma/serum | Lipid/fatty acid metabolism | |
| 233 | Galactonic acid | ↑ | plasma/serum | Lipid/fatty acid metabolism | |
| 234 | 2-Hydroxyglutaric acid | ↑ | plasma/serum | Lipid/fatty acid metabolism |