Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| VRAPT Group (n = 64) |
Waiting List (n = 64) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) or n % | M (SD) or n % | p | |||||
| Age, in years | 39.4 | (10.6) | 38.0 | (10.0) | t (126) = 0.80 | 0.43 | |
| Dutch origin | 47 | 73% | 51 | 80% | X2(1) = 0.70 | 0.40 | |
| Highest completed education level | X2(5) = 4.28 | 0.51 | |||||
| None | 4 | 6% | 6 | 9% | |||
| Lower education | 45 | 70% | 36 | 56% | |||
| Intermediate education | 7 | 11% | 7 | 11% | |||
| Tertiary education | 2 | 3% | 2 | 3% | |||
| Lower special education | 5 | 8% | 12 | 19% | |||
| Missing | 1 | 2% | 1 | 2% | |||
| DSM-5 diagnosis * | |||||||
| Schizophrenia | 12 | 19% | 14 | 22% | |||
| Schizoaffective disorder | 0 | 0% | 2 | 3% | |||
| Delusional Disorder | 0 | 0% | 2 | 3% | |||
| Psychotic disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) | 6 | 10% | 4 | 6% | |||
| Paranoid personality disorder | 0 | 0% | 1 | 2% | |||
| Antisocial personality disorder | 22 | 35% | 26 | 41% | |||
| Borderline personality disorder | 13 | 21% | 3 | 5% | |||
| Narcissistic personality disorder | 4 | 6% | 3 | 5% | |||
| Dependent personality disorder | 1 | 2% | 1 | 2% | |||
| Personality disorder NOS | 25 | 40% | 27 | 43% | |||
| Autism spectrum disorder | 5 | 8% | 12 | 19% | |||
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | 11 | 17% | 8 | 13% | |||
| Pedophilia | 4 | 6% | 4 | 6% | |||
| Other paraphilias | 3 | 5% | 2 | 3% | |||
| First-offender | 4 | 6% | 5 | 8% | X2(1) = 0.12 | 0.73 | |
| Age at first conviction, in years | 18.9 | (5.2) | 18.9 | (6.6) | t (116) = 0.02 | 0.99 | |
| Type of first offense (n = 119) * | |||||||
| (Attempted) homicide | 4 | 6% | 3 | 5% | |||
| Sexual offense | 4 | 6% | 1 | 2% | |||
| Violent offense | 26 | 41% | 26 | 41% | |||
| Property offense | 28 | 44% | 29 | 45% | |||
| Arson | 2 | 3% | 3 | 5% | |||
| Other | 11 | 17% | 10 | 16% | |||
| Age at index offense, in years | 31.3 | (9.8) | 29.5 | (9.2) | t (126) = 1.10 | 0.27 | |
| Type of index offense * | |||||||
| (Attempted) homicide | 31 | 49% | 23 | 36% | |||
| Sexual offense | 16 | 25% | 20 | 31% | |||
| Violent offense | 37 | 59% | 37 | 58% | |||
| Property offense | 17 | 27% | 18 | 28% | |||
| Arson | 4 | 6% | 3 | 5% | |||
| Damage of index offense * | |||||||
| No injury | 10 | 16% | 6 | 9% | |||
| Physical injury | 34 | 53% | 40 | 63% | |||
| Deadly injury | 11 | 17% | 8 | 13% | |||
| Material damage | 15 | 23% | 15 | 23% | |||
| Psychological neglect | 5 | 8% | 7 | 11% | |||
| Missing | 5 | 8% | 4 | 6% | |||
| Childhood trauma (CTQ-SF) | (N = 55) | (N = 57) | |||||
| Childhood trauma total | 53.8 | (20.8) | 53.5 | (20.7) | U = 1502 | 0.95 | |
| Emotional Abuse | 11.4 | (5.6) | 11.0 | (5.6) | U = 1508.5 | 0.55 | |
| Emotional Neglect | 13.0 | (5.4) | 13.4 | (6.1) | U = 1584.5 | 0.79 | |
| Psychical Abuse | 11.2 | (6.6) | 9.9 | (6.2) | U = 1376.5 | 0.32 | |
| Psychical Neglect | 10.8 | (3.4) | 11.0 | (2.7) | U = 1787.5 | 0.26 | |
| Sexual Abuse | 7.9 | (5.4) | 8.6 | (5.8) | U = 1681 | 0.45 | |
Note. * These variables do not add to a total score as there is overlap between e.g., diagnoses and types of offenses committed by the same person.