Table 3.
Serum markers of preeclampsia and/or cardiovascular disease.
| Physiologic Effects | PE | Non Pregnant | Type CVD | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRP | Immunomodulation | ↑ | [82] | ||
| ↑ | CHD, HF | [83] | |||
| VEGF | Pro-angiogenic | ↓ | [84] | ||
| Pro-vasculogenic | Polymorphisms | CHD | [85] | ||
| sFlt-1 | Anti-angiogenic | ↑ | [84] | ||
| ↑ | CHD, HF | [86] | |||
| sEng | Anti-angiogenic | ↑ | [84] | ||
| ↑ | CHD | [87] | |||
| Gal-3BP | Immunomodulation | ↑ | [88] | ||
| ↑ | CHD | [89] | |||
| Activin A | Immunomodulation | ↑ | [90] | ||
| Apoptosis | ↑ | HT, CHD | [91] | ||
| Leptin | Immunomodulation | ↑ | [92] | ||
| angiogenetic | ↑ | CHD | [93] | ||
| sE-selectin | Immunomodulation | ↑ | [94] | ||
| ↑ | HT | [95] | |||
| ADAM 12 | angiogenetic | ↑ | [96] | ||
| immunomodulation | ↑ | HT | [97] | ||
| ADMA | vasodilatation | ↑ | [98] | ||
| ↑ | CHD, HF, HT | [99] | |||
| PLGF | Pro-angiogenic | ↓ | [84] | ||
| ↑ | CHD, HF | [86] | |||
| PAPP-A | Proteolysis IGF-BP | ↓ → ↑ | [94,100] | ||
| ↑ | CHD | [101] | |||
| ADM | Pro-angiogenic | ↓ | [102] | ||
| Vasodilatation | ↑ | AMI | [103] | ||
| PP13 | Immunomodulation | ↓ | [104] | ||
| Inhibin A | Undetermined in pregnancy | ↑ | [90] | ||
| E3 | Undetermined in pregnancy | ↓ | [105] | ||
| AFP | Undetermined in pregnancy | ↑ | [100] | ||
| HbF | A1M Immunomodulation | ↑ | [59] |
Legend to Table 3: PE: Preeclampsia; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; ↑: High serum concentration; ↓: Low serum concentration; ↓ → ↑: Serum concentration changing from low to high; CHD: Coronary heart disease; HT: Hypertension; HF: Heart failure; AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; CRP: C-reactive protein; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; sFLT1:Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1; sENG: Soluble endoglin; GAL-3BP: Galectin 3 binding protein; sE-selectin: Soluble E-selectin; ADAM12:A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 12; ADMA: Asymmetric dimethylarginine; PLGF: Placental growth factor; PAPP-A: Pregnancy-associated placental protein A; ADM: Adrenomedullin; PP13: Placental protein 13; E3: Estriol; AFP: Alpha fetoprotein; HbF: Fetal hemoglobin; A1M: Alfa-1-microglobulin.