Figure 3.

The environmental conditions induce the multicellular growth of Ustilaginomycetes. (A) Nitrogen starvation [34], acid culture media [35], and fatty acids as a carbon source [36] induce multicellular growth as mycelium in Ustilago maydis. (B) U. maydis grows multicellularly as gastroid-type basidiocarps when it is cultivated in dual cultures with maize embryogenic calli [40]. (C) Host plant extracts or nutrient starvation induce muticellular growth as mycelium in S. reilianum [33]. (D) Acid pH in culture medium induces multicellular cluster growth in S. reilianum [13].