Table 1.

Hallmarks of cancer and key examples of clinically available treatment strategies.

Hallmark of Cancer.	Therapeutic Principle
Evading growth suppression	Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors: CDK4/6 inhibitors
Sustained proliferative signaling	Blocking growth factor receptor pathways (i.e., EGFR and others): monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Resisting cell death	BH3-mimetics that specifically bind to the hydrophobic groove of BCL-2: venetoclax
Enabling replicative immortality	Inhibition of telomerase activity, induction of senescence in tumor cells: a number of commonly used cancer therapeutics are involved in induction of senescence in cancer cells
Deregulating cellular energetics	Inhibition of aerobic glycolysis, inhibition of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and others: IDH1 and IDH2 inhibitors
Genome instability and mutation	PARP inhibition to facilitate synthetical lethality in homologous recombination deficient tumor cells: PARP inhibitors
Inducing angiogenesis	Inhibition of angiogenic pathways (i.e., VEGF, PlGF): monoclonal antibodies, fusion constructs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Activating invasion and metastasis	Targeting the epithelial- mesenchymal transition (EMT) program (e.g., HGF/cMET inhibition), anti-angiogenic treatment strategies
Avoiding immune destruction	Immune activation: immune checkpoint antibodies (i.e., anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, anti CLTA-4)
Tumor promoting inflammation	Selective anti-inflammatory drugs: not yet available clinically