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β-cell destruction in T1D is associated with viral response pathways. β-cells are highly vulnerable to enteroviral infection. (A) Several genetic mutations in the viral response pathway in T1D may lead to the potentiation in viral response. (B) A consequent “storm” of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines lead to HLA I hyperexpression and attract cytotoxic T-cells and macrophages and subsequently to the loss of β-cells (C) and manifestation of T1D.
