Table 3.

Tumor-associated macrophages in virotherapy.

Tumor Type	OVs	Effects
Colorectal cancer	Poxvirus vvDD-CCL11	increase of immunogenic programmed necrosis antitumor acquired immune response -enhanced levels of IFNγ [110]
	Vaccinia virus GLV-1h68	Infiltration of NK cells and macrophages-increase of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IFN, IL3, IL6, CXCL10, GCP-2, KC/GRO, lymphotactin, M-CSF1, MIP-1, RANTES, MCP-1, MCP-3 and MCP-5) expression of metallelastase by inflammatory macrophages [111]
Glioblastoma	oHSV	oHSV antitumor efficacy is inhibited by: inflammatory macrophage activation in glioma [112,113]-CCN1 activation [114,115]
		oHSV antitumor efficacy is prompted by: M2 macrophage activation with TGF-β [116]
	Virus DNX-2401	increase of the CSF concentration of cytokines (IFNγ, TNF, IL6) and increase of CD64 (M1 polarization marker) [117]
	H-1PV	infiltration of CTLs, induction of cathepsin B and iNOS expression in TAMs [118]
	Virotherapy + ICB (anti-CTLA-4, anti- PD-1 and oHSV G47Δ-mIL-12)	influx of macrophages and M1-like polarization in glioma [119]
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	H-1PV	coapplication with IFNγ extended animal survival and IFNγ may enhance MHCII molecule expression on the surface of macrophages and DCs [120]
	OAd-TNFα-IL-2 in combinationwith meso-CAR T cell	increase of CAR T cell and host T cell infiltration to the tumor-polarization toward the M1 phenotype -increase of DC maturation [121]
Pancreatic cancer	Immunotherapy + virotherapy Adenovirus TMZ-CD40L	increase of tumor-infiltrating T-cells-switch from M2 to M1 macrophages [122]
Breast cancer	Paramyxoviruses (measles/mumps)	increase of the antitumor efficacy by macrophages independently of initial polarization status and viral replication [123]
	Oncolytic adenovirus expressing soluble TGFβ receptor II-Fc fused	inhibition of TGFβ in bone metastasis reducing M2-osteoclast activity and tumor progression [124]

The table reports the effects of oncolytic viruses (OVs) on specific tumor types.