Table 3.
Evaluation of heterogeneity of treatment effects on primary end points: adjusted for patient covariates
| Behavior | Effect | Effect estimate | 95% CI | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daily calcium intake at 52 weeksa | Model 2 | Daily calcium intake at baseline | 0.554 | (0.526, 0.581) | < 0.001 |
| Intervention vs. control | − 28.707 | (− 65.081, 7.667) | 0.122 | ||
| Daily calcium intake at baseline × intervention | 0.029 | (− 0.006, 0.064) | 0.104 | ||
| Model 3 | OSE-diet at baseline | 15.941 | (10.477, 21.404) | < 0.001 | |
| Intervention vs. control | − 4.931 | (− 67.875, 58.014) | 0.878 | ||
| OSE-diet at baseline × intervention | 0.592 | (− 6.587, 7.770) | 0.872 | ||
| Model 4 | Prior DXA at baseline | − 27.055 | (− 48.834, − 5.276) | 0.015 | |
| Intervention vs. control | − 18.054 | (− 39.947, 3.839) | 0.106 | ||
| Prior DXA at baseline × intervention | 25.658 | (− 0.266, 51.582) | 0.052 | ||
| Model 5 | High fracture risk at baseline | 2.939 | (− 27.091, 32.969) | 0.847 | |
| Moderate fracture risk at baseline | 31.713 | (10.821, 52.606) | 0.003 | ||
| Intervention vs. control | − 14.155 | (− 31.128, 2.817) | 0.102 | ||
| High fracture risk at baseline × intervention | 39.927 | (3.623, 76.231) | 0.031 | ||
| Moderate fracture risk at baseline × intervention | 21.461 | (− 5.326, 48.248) | 0.116 | ||
| Proportion with vitamin D supplementation at 52 weeksb | Model 2 | Vitamin D supplementation at baseline | 22.356 | (18.297, 27.315) | < 0.001 |
| Intervention vs. control | 1.070 | (0.890, 1.287) | 0.464 | ||
| Vitamin D supplementation at baseline × intervention | 0.857 | (0.655, 1.122) | 0.259 | ||
| Model 3 | OSE-diet at baseline | 1.040 | (0.974, 1.112) | 0.233 | |
| Intervention vs. control | 0.988 | (0.521, 1.873) | 0.971 | ||
| OSE-diet at baseline × intervention | 1.002 | (0.930, 1.080) | 0.955 | ||
| Model 4 | Prior DXA at baseline | 1.024 | (0.841, 1.249) | 0.811 | |
| Intervention vs. control | 1.077 | (0.869, 1.333) | 0.499 | ||
| Prior DXA at baseline × intervention | 0.898 | (0.697, 1.156) | 0.403 | ||
| Model 5 | High fracture risk at baseline | 1.008 | (0.761, 1.334) | 0.958 | |
| Moderate fracture risk at baseline | 0.981 | (0.784, 1.227) | 0.867 | ||
| Intervention vs. control | 0.969 | (0.801, 1.173) | 0.744 | ||
| High fracture risk at baseline × intervention | 1.028 | (0.700, 1.508) | 0.889 | ||
| Moderate fracture risk at baseline × intervention | 1.100 | (0.834, 1.452) | 0.498 | ||
| Weekly exercise sessions at 52 weeksa | Model 2 | Weekly exercise sessions at baseline | 0.463 | (0.429, 0.496) | < 0.001 |
| Intervention vs. control | 0.006 | (− 0.212, 0.224) | 0.958 | ||
| Weekly exercise sessions at baseline × intervention | 0.025 | (− 0.028, 0.077) | 0.340 | ||
| Model 3 | OSE-exercise at baseline | 0.214 | (0.174, 0.253) | < 0.001 | |
| Intervention vs. control | 0.496 | (0.056, 0.936) | 0.027 | ||
| OSE-Exercise at baseline × intervention | − 0.052 | (− 0.107, 0.002) | 0.060 | ||
| Model 4 | Prior DXA at baseline | 0.011 | (− 0.182, 0.205) | 0.908 | |
| Intervention vs. control | 0.057 | (− 0.149, 0.264) | 0.584 | ||
| Prior DXA at baseline × intervention | 0.046 | (− 0.193, 0.284) | 0.707 | ||
| Model 5 | High fracture risk at baseline | − 0.054 | (− 0.326, 0.218) | 0.697 | |
| Moderate fracture risk at baseline | 0.016 | (− 0.204, 0.236) | 0.886 | ||
| Intervention vs. control | 0.067 | (− 0.125, 0.259) | 0.483 | ||
| High fracture risk at baseline × intervention | 0.101 | (− 0.302, 0.503) | 0.614 | ||
| Moderate fracture risk at baseline × intervention | 0.015 | (− 0.247, 0.277) | 0.911 |
Italics indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05). High fracture risk is > 20% 10-year fracture risk estimated from the baseline FRAX® score; moderate risk is 10–20% 10-year fracture risk
DXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, OP osteoporosis
a
For the daily calcium intake and weekly exercise session regressions, the effect estimates represent an adjusted linear effect
b
For the vitamin D supplementation regression, the effect estimate represents an adjusted odds ratio