Table 1.

PDAC related aptasensors for biomarkers detection

Aptamers against biomarker	Nanocarriers	Detection method	Oligos	Linear dynamic range (LDR)	Limit of detection (LOD)	Detection model	Ref.
CA 19–9	None	Fluorescence	DNA	Kd value 20.05 ± 3.02 nmol/L	–	Not tested in serum	[18]
CEA	Zirconium metal-organic framework of silver nanoclusters (AgNCs)	ECL and SPR	DNA	1.0–250 ng/mL	0.3 ng/ml	Human serum	[90]
CEA	Ru@SiO2 − AuNPs	ECL	DNA	5.0–50,000 fg/mL	1.52 fg/ml	Human serum	[91]
CEA	CdS-GR-AuNPs	ECL	DNA	0.01–10.0 ng/ml	3.8 pg/ml	Human serum	[92]
IL-6	Carbon nanotube	ECL	RNA	1 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL	1 pg/ml	Human serum	[33]
MMP-9	None	SPR	DNA	–	0.56 ng/ml	Commercial serum	[29]
VEGF	Quantum dots	Fluorescence	DNA	–	50 pmol/L	Human serum	[34]
VEGF	None	ECL	DNA	50 pmol/L to 0.15 nmol/L	5 pmol/L (190 pg/mL)	50% serum	[35]
VEGF	Carbon–gold nanocomposite	ECL	DNA	10 to 300 pg/ml	1 pg/ml	Human serum	[48]