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. 2020 Aug 4;17:37. doi: 10.1186/s12989-020-00362-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — PM_2.5 dampens pneumococcus-induced inflammatory mediators in macrophages. RAW264.7 cells were unexposed or exposed to 20 μg/ml of PM_2.5 for 24 h, followed by pneumococcus challenge for 6 h. a iNOS expression levels were determined using western blotting, and (b) the culture supernatant nitrite concentrations were determined using Griess reagent and normalized to cell viability. c HMGB1 expression levels were analyzed using western blotting. Relative protein expression levels were normalized to those in the mock-treated group and are indicated under each band. d Secreted HMGB1 (sHMGB1), (e) IL-1α, (f) IL-1β, and (g) TNF-α production in culture supernatant were determined using ELISA. The values were means ± standard deviations from triplicate independent experiments. Statistical significance was evaluated using Student’s t-test or one-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc test (*, P < 0.05)