Table 1.
Changes in DNA methylation and the effects on HB
| Gene | Methylation status of promoter | Possible mechanisms | Effects on HB |
|---|---|---|---|
| RASSF1A | hypermethylation | Hippo pathway |
metastasis; poor responsiveness to chemotherapy; With poor prognosis; |
| SOCS1 [22–24] | hypermethylation | JAK/STAT pathway |
Tumor formation and growth; Liver regeneration |
| APC [25] | hypermethylation | Wnt/β-Catenin pathway | Tumorigenesis |
| HHIP [26, 27] | hypermethylation | Hh pathway |
Tumor growth; Angiogenesis; |
| P16 | hypermethylation | Cell cycle | Tumorigenesis or no effect |
| MT1G | hypermethylation | PI3K/Akt pathway | With poor prognosis |
| NDRG2 [28] | hypermethylation | ERK1/2 pathway; |
With poor prognosis; Metastasis |
| GPR180 | hypermethylation | Unknown | Metastasis |
| MST1R | hypermethylation | Unknown | Metastasis |
| OCIAD2 [29] | hypermethylation | AKT pathway |
metastasis; Tumor growth and invasion |
| PARP6 | hypermethylation | Unknown | metastasis |
| AFP | hypomethylation | Hippo pathway |
Diagnostic biomarker; Prognostic biomarker; Follow-up indicator; Chemotherapy responsiveness indicator |
| KLK4 | hypomethylation | Unknown | Tumorigenesis |
| MYCN | hypomethylation | Unknown | Tumor growth |
| PLAG1 | Loss of imprinting | IGF2 pathway |
With poor prognosis; Tumorigenesis |
| H19/IGF2 | Loss of imprinting | IGF2 pathway | Tumorigenesis |
| IGFBP3 | hypermethylation | IGF2 pathway | Tumorigenesis |