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. 2020 Jul 29;33(7):517–524. doi: 10.1089/ars.2020.8087

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© Toshinari Takamura 2020; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are cited.

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FIG. 3. — Selenoprotein P causes the pathology of type 2 diabetes through reductive stress. Selenoprotein P expression is regulated positively with glucose and negatively with insulin. Selenoprotein P causes insulin resistance in the liver (24), exercise resistance in the skeletal muscle (25), insulin secretory failure in β cells (26), VEGF resistance in vascular endothelial cells (13), and myocardial ischemic–reperfusion injury via IGF-1 resistance (6), all of which are involved in diabetic complications and aging-related diseases. IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. Color images are available online.