Table 3. Demographics underlying medical conditions, symptoms and signs, laboratory findings, radiological alterations, treatments, complications, and prognoses with COVID-19 from 5 studies of 1,439 patients in Chinaa.
| Variables | Studies | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Huang and colleagues [14] | Chen and colleagues [44] | Wang and colleagues [31] | Guan and colleagues [24] | Xu and colleagues [22] |
| Study period | Dec 16, 2019 to Jan 2, 2020 | Jan 1, 2020 to Jan 20, 2020 | Jan 1, 2020 to Jan 28, 2020 | Dec 11, 2019 to Jan 29, 2020 | Jan 10, 2020 to Jan 26, 2020 |
| Study area | Wuhan | Wuhan | Wuhan | China | Zhejiang |
| Hospitals involved | 1 hospital | 1 hospital | 1 hospital | 552 hospitals | 7 hospitals |
| Number of patients | 41 | 99 | 138 | 1,099 | 62 |
| Characteristics (n [%], n/N [%], mean [SD or median [IQR]) | |||||
| Age (years) | 49.0 (41.0–58.0) | 55.5 (13.1) | 56.0 (42.0–68.0) | 47.0 (35.0–58.0) | 41 (32–52) |
| ≥65 years | 6 (14.6%) | NA | NA | 153/1,011 (15.1%) | NA |
| Males | 30 (73.2%) | 67 (67.7%) | 75 (54.3%) | 637/1,096 (58.1%) | 35 (56.5%) |
| Nosocomial infection | NA | NA | 57 (41.3%) | NA | NA |
| Healthcare worker | NA | NA | 40 (29.0%) | NA | NA |
| Current smoking | 3 (7.3%) | NA | NA | 137/1,085 (12.6%) | NA |
| Symptoms and signs (n [%] or n/N [%]) | |||||
| Fever | 40 (97.6%) | 82 (82.8%) | 136 (98.6%) | 473/1,081 (43.8%) | 48 (77.4%) |
| Cough | 31 (75.6%) | 81 (81.8%) | 82 (59.4%) | 745 (67.8%) | 50 (80.6%) |
| Dyspnea | 22/40 (55.0%) | 31 (31.3%) | 43 (31.2%) | 205 (18.7%) | NA |
| Sputum production | 11/39 (28.2%) | NA | 37 (26.8%) | 370 (33.7%) | 35 (56.5%) |
| Myalgia | 18f | 11 (11.1%) | 48 (34.8%) | 164 (14.9%) | NA |
| Fatigue | NA | NA | 96 (69.6%) | 419 (38.1%) | NA |
| Headache | 3/38 (7.9%) | 8 (8.1%) | 9 (6.5%) | 150 (13.6%) | 21 (33.9%) |
| Diarrhea | 1/38 (2.6%) | 2 (2.0%) | 14 (10.1%) | 42 (3/8%) | 3 (4.8%) |
| Sore throat or pharyngalgia | NA | 5 (5.1%) | 24 (17.4%) | 153 (13.9%) | NA |
| Nausea or vomiting | NA | 1 (1.0%) | NA | 55 (5.0%) | NA |
| Respiratory rate >24 breaths per minute | 12 (29.3%) | NA | NA | NA | 2 (3.2%) |
| Anorexia | NA | NA | 55 (39.9%) | NA | NA |
| Chills | NA | NA | NA | 126 (11.5%) | NA |
| Comorbidities (n [%]) | |||||
| Any comorbidity | 13 (31.7%) | 50 (51.5%) | 64 (46.4%) | 261 (23.7%) | 20 (32.3%) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 6 (14.6%) | 40 (40.4%) | 20 (14.5%) | 27 (2.5%) | NA |
| Hypertension | 6 (14.6%) | NA | 43 (31.2%) | 165 (15.0%) | 5 (8%) |
| Diabetes | 8 (19.5%) | NA | 14 (10.1%) | 81 (7.4%) | 1 (1.6%) |
| Respiratory disease | 1 (2.4%) | 1 (1.0%) | 4 (2.9%) | 12 (1.1%) | 1 (1.6%) |
| Malignancy | 1 (2.4%) | 1 (1.0%) | 10 (7.2%) | 10 (0.9%) | NA |
| Chronic kidney disease | NA | NA | 4 (2.9%) | 8 (0.7%) | 1 (1.6%) |
| Chronic liver disease | 1 (2.4%) | NA | 4 (2.9%) | 23 (2.1%) | 7 (11.3%) |
| Laboratory findings (normal range; n [%], n/N [%], mean [SD] or median [IQR]) | |||||
| White blood cell count (4.0–10.0 × 109/L) | 6.2 (4.1–10.5) | 7.5 (3.6) | 4.5 (3.3–6.2) | 4.7 (3.5–6.0) | 4.7 (3.5–5.8) |
| White blood cell count < 4.0 × 109/L | 10/40 (25.0%) | <3.5:9 (9.1%) | NA | 330/978 (33.7%) | 19 (30.6%) |
| Neutrophil count (1.8–6.3 × 109/L) | 5.0 (3.3–8.9) | 5.0 (3.3–8.1) | 3.0 (2.0–4.9) | NA | 2.9 (2.0–3.7) |
| Lymphocyte count (1.1–3.2 × 109/L) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.9 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.5) |
| Lymphocyte count < 1.0 × 109/L | 26 (63.4%) | <1.1:35 (35.4%) | NA | <1.5:731/879 (83.2%) | 26 (41.9%) |
| Platelet count (125.0–350.0 × 109/L) | 164.5 (131.5–263.0) | 213.5 (79.1) | 163.0 (123.0–191.0) | 168.0 (132.0–207.0) | 176.0 (135.8–215.5) |
| Platelet count < 100.0 × 109/L | 2/40 (5.0%) | <125.0:12 (12.1%) | NA | <150.0:315/869 (36.2%) | 3 (4.8%) |
| APTT (21.0–37.0 s) | 27.0 (24.2–34.1) | 27.3 (10.2) | 31.4 (29.4–33.5) | NA | NA |
| PT (10.5–13.5 s) | 11.1 (10.1–12.4) | 11.3 (1.9) | 13.0 (12.3–13.7) | NA | NA |
| D-dimer (0.0–0.5 mg/L) | 0.5 (0.3–1.3) | 0.9 (0.5–2.8) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | ≥0.5:260/560 (46.4%) | 0.2 (0.2–0.5) |
| Creatine kinase (50.0–310.0 U/L) | 132.5 (62.0–219.0) | 85.0 (51.0–184.0) | 92.0 (56.0–130.0) | NA | 69.0 (40.5–101.0) |
| Creatine kinase > 185.0 U/L | 13/40 (32.5%) | >310.0:13 (13.1%) | NA | ≥200:90/657 (13.7%) | 5 (8.1%) |
| Albumin (40.0–55.0 g/L) | 31.4 (28.9–36.0) | 31.6 (4.0) | NA | NA | NA |
| ALT (9.0–50.0 U/L) | 32.0 (21.0–50.0) | 39.0 (22.0–53.0) | 24.0 (16.0–40.0) | >40:158/741 (21.3%) | 22 (14–34) |
| AST (15.0–40.0 U/L) | 34.0 (26.0–48.0) | 34.0 (26.0–48.0) | 31.0 (24.0–51.0) | NA | 26 (20–32) |
| AST ≥ 40.0 U/L | 15 (36.6%) | 35 (35.4%) | NA | 168/757 (22.2%) | 10 (16.1%) |
| Total bilirubin (5.0–21.0 μmol/L) | 11.7 (9.5–13.9) | 15.1 (7.3) | 9.8 (8.4–14.1) | >17.1:76/722 (10.5%) | NA |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (120.0–250.0 U/L) | 286.0 (242.0–408.0) | 336.0 (260.0–447.0) | 261.0 (182.0–403.0) | NA | 205.0 (184.0–260.5) |
| Lactate dehydrogenase > 245.0 U/L | 29/40 (72.5%) | 75 (75.8%) | NA | ≥250.0:277/675 (41.0%) | 17 (27.4%) |
| Hemoglobin (113.0–151.0 g/L) | 126.0 (118.0–140.0) | 129.8 (14.8) | NA | 134.0 (119.0–148.0)c | 137.0 (128.8–152.3) |
| Potassium (3.5–5.3 mmol/L) | 4.2 (3.8–4.8) | NA | NA | 3.8 (3.5–4.2)d | 3.7 (3.5–3.9) |
| Sodium (137.0–147.0 mmol/L) | 139.0 (137.0–140.0) | NA | NA | 138.2 (136.1–140.3)e | 139 (127–141) |
| Creatinine (57.0–111.0 μmol/L) | 74.2 (57.5–85.7) | 75.6 (25.0) | 72 (60–87) | NA | 72.0 (61.0–84.0) |
| Creatinine > 133.0 μmol/L | 4 (9.8%) | >111.0:3 (3.0%) | NA | 12/752 (1.6%) | 3 (4.8%) |
| Blood urea nitrogen (3.6–9.5 mmol/L) | NA | 5.9 (2.6) | NA | NA | NA |
| Hypersensitive troponin (0.0–26.2 pg/mL) | 3.4 (1.1–9.1) | NA | 6.4 (2.8–18.5) | NA | NA |
| Myoglobin (0.0–146.9 ng/mL) | NA | 49.5 (32.2–99.8) | NA | NA | NA |
| Glucose (3.9–6.1 mmol/L) | NA | 7.4 (3.4) | NA | NA | NA |
| Interleukin-6 (0.0–7.0 pg/mL) | NA | 7.9 (6.1–10.6) | NA | NA | NA |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (0.0–15.0 mm/h) | NA | 49.9 (23.4) | NA | NA | NA |
| Serum ferritin (21.0–274.7 ng/mL) | NA | 808.7 (490.7) | NA | NA | NA |
| Procalcitonin (0.0–0.05 ng/mL) | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) | 0.5 (1.1) | NA | NA | 0.04 (0.03–0.06) |
| Procalcitonin ≥ 0.1 ng/mL | 12/39 (30.8%) | >5.0: 6 (6.1%) | ≥0.05:49 (35.5%) | ≥0.5:35/633 (5.5%) | 7 (11.3%) |
| C-reactive protein (0.0–5.0 mg/L) | NA | 51.4 (41.8)b | NA | NA | NA |
| C-reactive protein > 5.0 mg/L | NA | 63/73 (86.3%) | NA | ≥10:481/793 (60.7%) | NA |
| Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 125.0 (119.0–135.0) | NA | NA | NA | 97 (87–106) |
| Radiologic findings (n [%] or n/N [%]) | |||||
| Chest X-ray or CT | |||||
| Unilateral pneumonia | NA | 25 (25.3%) | NA | NA | NA |
| Bilateral pneumonia | 40 (97.6%) | 74 (74.7%) | 138 (100.0%) | NA | 52 (83.9%) |
| Multiple mottling and ground-glass opacity | NA | 14 (14.1%) | NA | NA | NA |
| Chest X-ray | NA | NA | NA | 162/274 (59.1%) | NA |
| Ground-glass opacity | NA | NA | NA | 55/274 (20.1%) | NA |
| Local patchy shadowing | NA | NA | NA | 77/274 (28.1%) | NA |
| Bilateral patchy shadowing | NA | NA | NA | 100/274 (36.5%) | NA |
| Interstitial abnormalities | NA | NA | NA | 12/274 (4.4%) | NA |
| Chest CT | NA | NA | NA | 840/975 (86.2%) | NA |
| Ground-glass opacity | NA | NA | NA | 550/975 (56.4%) | NA |
| Local patchy shadowing | NA | NA | NA | 409/975 (41.9%) | NA |
| Bilateral patchy shadowing | NA | NA | NA | 505/975 (51.8%) | NA |
| Interstitial abnormalities | NA | NA | NA | 143/975 (14.7%) | NA |
| Treatments (n (%)) | |||||
| Antiviral treatment | 38 (92.7%) | 75 (75.8%) | 124 (89.9%) | 393 (35.8%) | 55 (88.7%) |
| Antibiotic treatment | 41 (100.0%) | 70 (70.7%) | 138 (100.0%) | 637 (58.0%) | 28 (45.2%) |
| Antifungal treatment | NA | 15 (15.2%) | NA | 31 (2.8%) | NA |
| Corticosteroid treatment | 9 (22.0%) | 19 (19.2%) | 62 (44.9%) | 204 (18.6%) | 16 (25.8%) |
| CRRT | 3 (7.3%) | 9 (9.1%) | 2 (1.4%) | 9 (0.8%) | NA |
| IVIg therapy | NA | 27 (27.3%) | NA | 144 (13.1%) | NA |
| Noninvasive mechanical ventilation | 10 (24%) | 13 (13.1%) | 15 (10.9%) | 56 (5.1%) | NA |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 2 (4.9%) | 4 (4.0%) | 17 (12.3%) | 25 (2.3%) | NA |
| ECMO | 2 (4.9%) | 3 (3.0%) | 4 (2.9%) | 5 (0.5%) | NA |
| Oxygen therapy | 41 (100.0%) | 75 (75.8%) | 106 (76.8%) | 454 (41.3%) | NA |
| Complications (n (%)) | |||||
| ARDS | 12 (29.3%) | 17 (17.2%) | 27 (19.6%) | 37 (3.4%) | 1 (1.6%) |
| Acute kidney injury | 3 (7.3%) | 3 (3.0%) | 5 (3.6%) | 6 (0.5%) | NA |
| Acute cardiac injury | 5 (12.2%) | NA | 10 (7.2%) | NA | NA |
| Co- or secondary infection | 4 (9.8%) | 5 (5.1%) | NA | NA | NA |
| Shock | 3 (7.3%) | 4 (4.0%) | 12 (8.7%) | 12 (1.1%) | NA |
| ICU unit admission | 13 (31.7%) | 23 (23.2%) | 36 (26.1%) | 55 (5.0%) | 1 (1.6%) |
| Prognoses (n (%)) | |||||
| Hospitalization | 7 (17.1%) | 57 (57.6%) | 85 (61.6%) | 1,029 (93.6%) | 61 (98.4%) |
| Discharge | 28 (68.3%) | 31 (31.3%) | 47 (34.1%) | 55 (5.0%) | 1 (1.6%) |
| Death | 6 (14.6%) | 11 (11.1%) | 6 (4.3%) | 15 (1.4%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 19; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; CT, computerized tomography; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU, intensive care unit; IVIg, intravenous immunoglobulin; NA, not available; PT, prothrombin time.
aThe information provided in the table is from Hang and colleagues [14], Chen and colleagues [44], Wang and colleagues [31], Guan and colleagues [24], and Xu and colleagues [22].
bData on C-reactive protein were missing for 26 patients (26.3%).
cData on hemoglobin were missing for 226 patients (20.6%).
dData on potassium were missing for 349 patients (31.8%).
eData on sodium were missing for 363 patients (33.0%).
fData on myalgia or fatigue were missing for 18 patients in total.