Table 3.

Patients pain assessment before and after surgery

Variable	Preoperative	1 Month	12 Months	p-value†
VAS back	6.70 ± 2.40	3.72 ± 1.30	2.51 ± 3.38 (4.19‡)	< 0.001
VAS leg	7.05 ± 2.61	3.80 ± 1.49	2.34 ± 7.12 (4.71‡)	< 0.001
ODI	57.51 ± 12.64	24.19 ± 4.01	22.41 ± 4.11 (35.1‡)	< 0.001

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

VAS, visual analogue scale; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index.

^†Preoperative to 12 months postoperative.

^‡VAS and ODI change, between preoperative and 12 months score.