Fig 2.

Exemplary flow measurements through an 8F long Shuttle Select sheath and an 8F FlowGate² balloon catheter with a syringe. Note that the flow is comparably constant and the flow decrease occurs within approximately half a second before the syringe has completely filled. Syringes achieve a comparably constant flow despite the unavoidable pressure loss during filling because it is not the pressure loss that predominantly restricts flow but the resistors (syringe tip, 3-way valve, and hemostatic valve).