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. 2020 Jul 31;8:891. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00891

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Copyright © 2020 Oliveira, Pieters, Guimarães, Duffles, Heredia, Silveira, Oliveira, Teixeira, Ferreira, Silva, van de Loo and Macari.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanical analysis in the femur and micro-computed tomography analysis of trabecular and cortical bone in the distal femur of mice treated with milk extracellular vesicles (mEVs). (A) Stiffness and the maximum bone load of the femur. (B) Representative pictures of distal femur microarchitecture and bone mineral density (BMD), (C) trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV), (D) trabecular number (Tb.N), (E) trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), (F) trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), (G) trabecular thickness distribution (Tb.Th distribution), (H) cortical bone volume per tissue volume (Ct.BV/TV), and (I) cortical thickness (Ct.Th). Analyses were performed in mice (i) pseudo-operated (SHAM) or (ii) ovariectomized (OVX), (iii) non-treated (control), or (iv) treated with mEVs. Values are means ± SEM of 6–8 animals per group. * vs. respective SHAM group and # vs. non-treated group, P < 0.05.