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. 2020 Aug 6;10:13177. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69780-8

Table 3.

Tests the biochemical variables studied with their paired comparisons with the Mann–Whitney for not normally distributed data and Student’s t-tests, for normally distributed data.

Comparison Carotenoids ind−1
Mann–Whitney’s U or Student’s t D.F. Rosenthal’s r or Cohen’s d
Males II vs. juveniles U = 0.0, yes (P < 0.001) 57 0.7161
Males II vs. males I t = -6.447, yes (P < 0.001) 41 2.09, very large
Males II vs. spent females t = -6.660, yes (P < 0.001) 26 2.27, very Large
Males II vs. mature females U = 34.0, yes (P < 0.001) 32 0.6071
Mat. females vs. juveniles U = 50.0, yes (P < 0.001) 63 0.6934
Mat. females vs. males I t = 1.431, no (P = 0.159) 47 0.46, small
Mat. females vs. spent females U = 101, no (P = 0.251) 32 0.2029
Spent females vs. juveniles U = 63.0 Yes (P < 0.001) 58 0.5845
Spent females vs. males I t = -0.127 No (P= 0.899) 42 0.02, small
Males I vs. juveniles U = 62.0 Yes (P < 0.001) 72 0.7540
Lipids (mg Ind −1 )
Mann–Whitney’s U or Student’s t D.F. Rosenthal’s r or Cohen’s d
Males II vs. juveniles t = −1.242, no (P= 0.219) 57 0.42, small
Males II vs. males I U = 140.5, no (P = 0.251) 41 0.1816
Males II vs. spent females U = 32, yes (P = 0.005) 26 0.5510
Males II vs. mat. females U = 22, yes (P < 0.001) 31 0.6885
Mat. females vs. juveniles U = 61, yes (P < 0.001) 62 0.6732
Mat. females vs. males I U = 59.0, yes (P < 0.001) 47 0.6732
Mat. females vs. spent females U = 67.0, yes (P = 0.017) 32 0.4185
Spent females vs. Juveniles U = 103, yes (P < 0.001) 58 0.4918
Spent females vs. males I U = 99.0, yes (P = 0.001) 42 0.3994
Males I vs. Juveniles U = 376.5, yes (P = 0.004) 72 0.3365
Carotenoids g −1
Student’s t D.F. Cohen’s d
Males II vs. juveniles 4.67, yes (P< 0.001) 57 1.59 ,very large
Males II vs. males I 3.83, yes (P < 0.001) 41 1.40, very large
Males II vs. spent females 3.57, yes (P< 0.001) 26 1.37, very large
Males II vs. mat. females 3.34, yes (P=0.001) 32 1.12, large
Mat. females vs. juveniles 0.99, no (P=0.323) 63 0.25, small
Mat. females vs. males I 0.81, no (P=0.419) 47 0.07, small
Mat. females vs. spent females 0.49, no (P=0.624) 32 0.15, small
Spent females vs. juveniles 0.32, no (P=0.747) 57 0.10, small
Spent females vs. males I 0.29, no (P=0.771) 42 0.09, small
Males I vs. juveniles 0.27, no (P=0.791) 72 0.20 Small

Also shown is r for data non-normally74 or d (Cohen’s test75) for the normally distributed data, for the effect of size (non-overlap) for paired sex or stage groups.