Table 2.
Neuropsychological Assessment.
| Subject P | Reference value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LNE1 | LNE2 | LNE3 | LNE4 | ||
| Executive Functions and Attention Tests | |||||
| Neuropsychological Evaluation of Executive Functions in Children (ENFEN)1 | |||||
| Grey trail | 6 | 6 | 4 | – | standard scores† (scale 1 to 10) |
| Color trail | 3 | 4 | 4 | – | |
| Interference | 6 | 6 | 6 | – | |
| Stroop Test2 | |||||
| Word reading | < 5 | < 5 | < 5 | – | standard scores‡ (scale 1 to 99) |
| Colors naming | < 5 | 10 | 15 | – | |
| Five-Digit Test (FDT)3 | |||||
| Reading numbers | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | standard scores† (scale 1 to 10) |
| Counting | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | |
| Alternate | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| Inhibition | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | |
| Flexibility | 1 | 1 | 5 | 7 | |
| d2 Attention Test (d2 TESTS)4 | |||||
| Concentration | 25 | 95 | 95 | 98 | standard scores‡ (scale 1 to 99) |
| Fluctuation | 55 | 60 | 40 | 10 | |
| Items processed | 70 | 95 | 99 | 95 | |
| Number of successes | 25 | 96 | 99 | 98 | |
| Omission errors | 1 | 40 | 80 | 85 | |
| Commission errors | 25 | 35 | 60 | 85 | |
| Memory Tests | |||||
| Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL)5 | |||||
| Verbal memory | 75 | 99 | – | – | standard scores‡ (scale 1 to 99) |
| Non-verbal memory | 95 | 99.6 | – | – | |
| Composite memory | 84 | 99.6 | – | – | |
| Verbal delayed recall | 37 | 91 | – | – | |
| Attention and concentration | 9 | 16 | – | – | |
| Sequential memory | 25 | 37 | – | – | |
| Free recall | 50 | 75 | – | – | |
| Associative recall | 2 | 37 | – | – | |
| Learning | 9 | 63 | – | – | |
| Digit Span6 | |||||
| Direct | 10 | 10 | 10 | – | standard scores‡ (scale 1 to 99) |
| Inverse | 50 | 50 | 50 | – | |
| Visuoconstructive and Visuoperceptive Functions | |||||
| Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure Test (ROCF)7 | |||||
| Copy | 50 | – | – | – | standard scores‡ (scale 1 to 99) |
| Immediate recall | 80 | – | – | – | |
| Benton Laboratory of Neuropsychology Tests (BLNT)8 | |||||
| Finger localization | 49 | – | – | – | 53§ |
| Visual form discrimination | 41 | – | – | – | 23§ |
| Judgment of line orientation | 26 | – | – | – | 17§ |
| Right-left orientation | 18 | – | – | – | 16§ |
Reference data were obtained from either the test’s manual or published normative data as indicated by the reference of the superscript numerals located by each test’s name. 1Portellano et al. (2009). 2Rivera et al. (2017). 3Sedó (2007). 4Brickenkamp and Cubero (2002). 5Reynolds and Bigler (1996). 6Gardner (1981). 7Arango-Lasprilla et al. (2017). 8Rey et al. (1999). There are no children’s normative data for BLNT; reference values used are based on an adult sample. †Standard scores ranging from 1 to 10 (decatypes) have, by definition, a mean of 5.5 and a standard deviation of 2. ‡Percentiles (standard score 1 to 99) have a median of 50. Underlined scores are bellow two standard deviations of the normative mean. §Test cut-off value; scores greater than the cut-off are considered within a normal range.