Table I.
Evidence of the possible genes or biomarkers in patients with POP, compared with normal dermal fibroblast.
| Types of aging | Evidence in vitro culture | Evidence ex vivo from patients with POP | Evidence in vivo from the dermal fibroblasts in the elderly |
|---|---|---|---|
| Genome instability | |||
| HOXA11, HOXA13, ESR1 and ESR2 | Y (49) | Y (62) | ND |
| γH2AX foci | Y (50) | Y (17) | Y (16) |
| Mutant NER | Y (59) | ND | ND |
| Replicative activity | Y (60) | ND | ND |
| Telomere shortening | Y (61,62) | Y (63) | ND |
| Telomere damage | Y (50) | ND | Y (16) |
| Mitochondrial dysfunction | |||
| mtDNA mutations | Y (64,65) | ND | ND |
| Altered fusion | ND | Y (67) | ND |
| Increasing mitogenesis | Y (69,70) | ND | |
| Cell senescence | |||
| p16INK4A | Y (71) | ND | Y (66,67) |
| p21 | Y (72,73) | Y (78) | ND |
| p53 | ND | Y (78) | ND |
| SASP | Y (74) | Y (74) | ND |
| SAHF | Y (75,76) | ND | Y (68) |
| γH2AX foci | Y (50) | ND | Y (16) |
| Imbalanced proteostasis | |||
| Chaperon dysfunction | ND | Y (78) | ND |
| Proteasome activity | Y (42,77) | ND | ND |
| Decreased autophagy | ND | ND | ND |
| Increased MMP secretion | Y (43) | Y (39) | Y (39) |
| Stem cell exhaustion | |||
| Regeneration potential | ND | ND | ND |
HOXA11, homeobox A11; HOXA13, homeobox A13; Y, evidence confirmed; ND, no data; ESR1, estrogen receptor 1; ESR2, estrogen receptor 2; γH2AX, H2AX histone protein phosphorylated at the serine-139 position; NER, nucleotide excision repair; SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype; SAHF, senescence-associated heterochromatin aggregation; MMP, matrix metalloprotein; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA.