Table 2.
Summary of the biological effects of ω-3 fatty acids on cellular processes and clinical outcome after spinal cord injury in rodent models. Explanation of abbreviations in the text.
| Study | Biological effects of ω-3 fatty acids in rodent models after SCI |
|---|---|
| Mortazavi et al. [10] | ↓ Concentrations of IL-6, KC/GRO/CINC |
| ↓ Number of macrophages | |
| ↓ ECS production | |
| Inhibition of glutamatergic pathways | |
| Stabilization of cell membranes | |
| ↑ Local blood flow | |
| ↑ Number of neurons | |
| ↑ Number of oligodendrocytes | |
|
| |
| Borgens and Liu-Snyder [12] | Inhibition of voltage-sensitive Na+ and Ca2+ channels |
| Activation of two-domain background K+ channels (TREK-1, TREK-2, and TRAAK channels) | |
| Inhibition of the depolarization-induced increased activation of glutamate receptors | |
| The activation of transcription pathways associated with the activation of retinoid X receptor (RXR) | |
| ↑ Neuroplasticity | |
| ↑ Concentrations of IL-10 | |
|
| |
| Kawano et al. [13] | ↓ Spinal cord edema |
| ↓ White matter cavitation | |
| ↓ Demyelination | |
| ↓ Vessel ingrowth | |
|
| |
| Yuan and He [14] | ↓ Concentrations of IL-6, IL-1ra, C-reactive protein, and TNF-α |
|
| |
| Sun et al. [15] | ↑ Expression of cytoglobin and neuroglobin |
| ↑ Concentration of lipids, glycogen, and oligosaccharides by neurons | |
| ↑ Expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) | |
| ↑ Synthesis of phosphates | |
| ↑ Synthesis of synaptic proteins | |
| ↑ Acetylation of lysine, histone H3, and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 marker in human neuronal M17 cells | |
| ↑ Resistance of glial cells and neurons on the activity of glutamate toxicity, apoptosis, and calcium overload | |
| ↓ Expression of mRNA for bcx, p53, caspase-3, and pro-NGF | |
| Activation of inactive neurons | |
|
| |
| Beck et al. [16] | ↓ Thermal hypersensitivity |
| ↓ Synthesis of histamine, TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS | |
| ↓ Expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase | |
| ↑ Expression of B/Akt (Akt) and CREB | |
| ↑ Synthesis and accumulation of the precursors of N-acylethanolamines (NAE): DHEA, DPEA, and EPEA | |
|
| |
| Belchior et al. [27] | ↑ Expression of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 type II (LC3-II) |
| ↓ Expression of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway | |
| ↓ Concentrations of p-S6 and p-S6K | |