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. 2020 Jul 3;25(13):3045. doi: 10.3390/molecules25133045

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The effect of piperlongumine (PL) and sanguinarine (SAN) individually and in a combined treatment on the cell death of A549 cells. Annexin V/propidium iodide (AV/PI) assay. (A) The percentage of live cells (AV−/PI−). (B) The percentage of early-apoptotic cells (AV+/PI−). (C) The percentage of late-apoptotic cells (AV+/PI+). (D) The percentage of necrotic cells (AV−/PI+). Data represent the mean values ± SD obtained from 6 independent replicates (n = 6). The cytometric analysis of cell death-related proteins Apaf-1 (E), caspase-12 (F) and caspase-8 (G). Data represent the mean values ± SD obtained from 4 independent replicates (n = 4) and presented as folds in relation to the control (CTRL) (estimated as 1). Statistically significant differences in comparison to untreated cells were marked as * (p < 0.05; Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s post hoc test).