Figure 8.

LsGRP1 expression boosts the activation of innate immune responses in Arabidopsis. Rosette leaves of wild‐type (WT) Arabidopsis and LsGRP1‐transgenic lines (LsGRP1‐1 and LsGRP1‐7) were infiltrated with 1 μM flg22 or 10 μM chitohexaose. PAMP perception‐induced callose deposition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in treated leaves were detected 24 hr later by aniline blue and 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining, respectively (a). The relative amounts of callose and ROS in (a) were quantified (b). The relative expression of AtrbohD was compared by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (c). Sterile deionized water (H₂O) was used as a negative control. mpt, minutes post‐treatment; hpt, hours post‐treatment. Bar: 100 μm. The rosette leaves of Arabidopsis were agroinfiltrated with AvrRpm1, AvrRpt2, or AvrPto effectors of Pseudomonas syringae. Effector recognition‐induced hypersensitive response in agroinfiltrated leaves were estimated by the Evans blue staining‐based quantification method 2 days later (d). EV, empty vector control of agroinfiltration. Data represent the mean ± SD of four biological replicates. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance followed by LSD test (p < .05)