Figure 1.

Malondialdehyde (MDA) content (a) and electrolyte leakage (b) were measured in α‐MMC‐treated Nicotiana benthamiana plants infected with TMV‐green fluorescent protein (GFP) (at 3 days postinoculation, dpi). The TMV‐GFP‐inoculated leaves were collected. CK, N. benthamiana plants pretreated with only water; α‐MMC, N. benthamiana plants pretreated with only 0.5 mg/ml α‐MMC obtained from the Escherichia coli prokaryotic expression system; CK + TMV‐GFP, N. benthamiana plants pretreated with water after TMV‐GFP infection (at 3 dpi); α‐MMC + TMV‐GFP, N. benthamiana plants pretreated with 0.5 mg/ml α‐MMC obtained from the E. coli prokaryotic expression system after TMV‐GFP infection (at 3 dpi). Bars represent mean and SD of values obtained from three biological replicates. Significant differences (p < .05) are denoted by different lowercase letters