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. 2020 Jul 31;14:45. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00045

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Copyright © 2020 Li, Liu, Liu, Aerqin and Wu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Composition and pharmacological properties of ginkgolides. Ginkgolides are isolated and purified from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba. The ginkgo leaf extracts commonly contain flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, and terpene trilactone. The extracted terpene trilactone include ginkgolide A (GA), B, C, M, J, and K and bilobalide (BB). Ginkgolides have anti-PAF, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative, neurotrophic, and neuroimmunomodulatory effects. GA, ginkgolides A; BB, bilobalide; PAF, platelet-activating factor; PAFR, platelet-activating factor receptor; p-SAPK/JNK, phospho-stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase; PARP, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; TLR4, toll-like receptor-4; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B.