Table 2.

Infection mode and period of infection for some storage rots in apple fruits.

Taxon	Mode of Infection	Period of Infection
Alternaria spp.	Mainly through open calyces	Developing fruit in the orchard
Botryosphaeria spp.	Mainly through lenticels or micro-cracks	Developing fruit in the orchard
Botrytis cinerea	Mainly through wounds caused by animals or humans	Mainly during harvest and handling operations
Cadophora spp.	Mainly through lenticels or micro-cracks	Developing fruit in the orchard
Colletotrichum spp.	Mainly through lenticels or micro-cracks	Developing fruit in the orchard
Fusarium spp.	Mainly through wounds or open calyces	Developing fruit in the orchard
Monilinia spp.	Mainly through wounds caused by animals or humans	Developing fruit and during harvest and handling operations
Mucor pyriformis	Through micro-cracks or wounds, often at stem or calyx end of fruit	Developing fruit (last month) or during harvest and handling operations
Neofabraea spp.	Mainly through lenticels or micro-cracks	Developing fruit in the orchard
Neonectria ditissima	Mainly through wounds or at calyx end of fruit	During and just after flowering (eye rot) and developing fruit (storage rot)
Penicillium expansum	Mainly through wounds caused by animals or humans	Mainly during harvest and handling operations
Phacidiopycnis spp.	Mainly at stem end or at calyx end, sometimes wound-mediated	Developing fruit in the orchard