Table 1.
Summary of the application of glycine betaine on various plant species under heavy metal stress.
| Plant Species | Heavy Metal Stress | Effect of Exogenous Glycine Betaine (GB) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat | Cr Stress | Glycine Betaine (GB) improved chlorophyll contents, biomass, growth characteristics and protein content. | [81] |
| Cotton | Cd Stress | Glycine Betaine (GB) boosted the plant growth, improved activities of antioxidant enzyme and rate of photosynthesis | [82] |
| Mung Bean | Cr Stress | Glycine Betaine (GB) improved plant growth. | [83] |
| Amaranth | Cd Stress | Glycine Betaine (GB) significantly encouraged the rate of photosynthesis in edible amaranth and considerably improved the chlorophyll content of leaves. | [89] |
| Perennial Ryegrass | Cd Stress | Glycine Betaine (GB) improved stability of cell membrane via decreasing lipid membrane oxidation. | [97] |
| Cotton | Pb Stress | Effectively improved the gas attributes and plant growth under Pb stress. | [99] |
| Wheat | Cd Stress | Glycine Betaine (GB) improved fresh biomass of roots and shoots. | [111] |
| Cucumber | Al Stress | Glycine Betaine (GB) showed significant protective effect on chlorophyll content. | [112] |
| Asian Rice | As Stress | Glycine Betaine (GB) increased the GST and GRX gene expression alongside As stress. | [113] |
| Sorghum | Cr Stress | Glycine Betaine (GB) improved the quality and total yield of sorghum. | [114] |
| Tobacco | Cd Stress | Glycine Betaine (GB) reduces the stomatal closure, accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and damage to leaf. | [115] |