Table 2.

Calibration approaches applied when the blank matrix is available.

Method	Theory or Mechanism	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Matrix-matched calibration	External calibration presupposes the preparation of several samples from blank matrix spiked at different analyte concentrations before injection with linear calibrations calculated for each analyte.	It permits one to effectively overcome ME using a matrix the same as the sample	Laborious Time-consuming in relation to the necessity of processing of the blank matrix as the sample The test sample composition variance must be small Limitation in bioavailability of appropriate blanks	[46,57]
Isotope labeled internal standard	The use of internal standard implies the use of a substance with identical or similar ionization properties and very close retention time to that of the analyte. According to literature 13C-labelled IS mimes better than 2H-labelled IS the target analyte.	Better assay performance because they show identical behavior to the analyte in sample pretreatment Not time-consuming Particularly useful when homogeneous class of substances are analyzed	Expensive if SIL-ISs are used. For many compounds SIL-ISs are not commercially available Less suitable for multi residual analyses	[58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65]