Table 5.
List of the phospholipid removal methodologies.
| Matrix | Technique | Effectiveness | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma | PPT | No extensive removal of PLs—ion suppression for many analytes | [125] |
| Plasma | Liquid-liquid extraction | Clean final extract but unacceptable analyte recovery especially for polar analytes | [125] |
| Plasma | Pure cationic exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE) | Cleaner extracts and reduced matrix effects compared to PPT | [125] |
| Plasma | Reversed-phase SPE | Cleaner extracts and reduced matrix effects compared to PPT | [125] |
| Plasma | Mixed-mode SPE | Best effectiveness because it combines the retention mechanisms of reverse-phase and ion exchange | [125] |
| Plasma | Solid supported liquid extraction (SLE) | Able to remove the majority of PLs through appropriate loading of buffers and eluting solvents | [165] |
| Plasma | Hybrid SPE-PPT(HybridSPE™, Ostro™, Phenomenex Phree™, Captiva™) | Effectively reduces the ME in biological samples | [130,178,179,180,181] |
| Urine | Restricted access, volatile supramolecular solvents (RAM-VOL-SUPRAS) | Avoids or dramatically reduces the ME. | [171] |
| Human plasma | Parallel Artificial Liquid Membrane Extraction (PALME) | Complete absence of ion suppression and high recovery percentage | [182] |