Figure 3.

Supramolecular self-assembly of AMPs and amyloids enables membrane remodeling activity and immunomodulation. Monomers of AMPs and amyloids sequentially self-assemble into oligomers and protofibrils or fibrils. Oligomeric forms are predominantly responsible for mediating membrane permeation, including pore formation and membrane fusion leading to direct antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. Protofibrils and fibrils can signal to the innate immune system either by direct receptor binding or by the geometric scaffolding of immune ligands such as DNA and dsRNA. Both AMPs and amyloids can engage a broad range of immune receptors including TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR9, FPR2, FPRL1, and NLRP3.